NASA 1990 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation

Project Title:

Advanced Turbomachinery CFD design and Analysis Program

01.01-1515
900394
Advanced Turbomachinery CFD design and Analysis Program

Abstract:

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools have now developed to the point where they
can be reliably used for the design, evaluation, and analysis of high-performance
gas turbines, such as those used in modern aeronautical propulsion systems. For these
applications, it is necessary to use a three-dimensional viscous CFD code that combines
efficiency, accuracy, and user-friendliness. For axial turbomachinery, prediction
and analysis of secondary flows, blade heat transfer, transition, and unsteadiness,
at on- and off-design conditions, require the use of new, advanced models like that
provided by renormalization group (RNG) methods developed by the company. This project
will develop enhanced supercomputer and massively parallel processor versions of
the NEKTON CFD code with RNG models for transition and turbulance to address turbomachinery
applications. This involves integrating variable geometry, complex blade rows, transition
and turbulence modelling, and shock-boundary layer interactions while addressing
central compressor, diffuser, and turbine design issues.
This program should find wide application in the advanced design of gas turbine devices
and stream turbomachinery with wide industrial applications.
turbomachine, computational fluid dynamics, renormalization group

Project Title:

A Probability Density Function (PDF) Method for Turbulent Reacting Flows

01.01-6576
900683
A Probability Density Function (PDF) Method for Turbulent Reacting Flows

Abstract:

Modeling methods developed for non-reacting turbulent flows are not able to capture
important turbulence/combustion interactions. An alternative approach solves an equation
for the joint probability density function (pdf) of the local velocity and composition,
instead of solving a set of equations for their first- and second-order moments.
While pdf methods have been proposed in the past, they have only been used in certain
simplified situations. In this project, the company will develop an efficient pdf
solution procedure for general reacting flows. In Phase I, a stand-alone module will
be developed using a Lagrangian Monte Carlo solution method. The module will be validated
by comparison with benchmark data. These comparisons will be used to assess the feasibility
of the pdf method and to determine the requirements for coupling the module with
a finite-volume CFD code. In Phase II, the coupling would be performed and the methodology
extended to three-dimensional flows. The pdf module and finite volume code will be
fully documented and delivered to NASA at the end of Phase II.
The developed pdf module and coupled CFD code will advance the state-of-the-art of
numerical simulations of turbulent reactive flows, and will be of significant interest
to all organizations associated with aeronautical and space propulsion systems.
turbulent reacting flows, turbulence-combustion interactions, monte corlo methods,
probability density functions, computational fluid dynamics

Project Title:

A New Unsteady Mixing Model to Predict NOx Production During Rapid Mixing in a Dual

01.01-9500
900831
A New Unsteady Mixing Model to Predict NOx Production During Rapid Mixing in a Dual

Abstract:

Stage Combustor
An advanced gas turbine engine to power supersonic transport aircraft is currently
under study. In addition to high combustion efficiency requirements, environmental
concerns have placed stringent restrictions on the pollutant emissions from these
engines. A combustor design with the potential for minimizing pollutants such as
NOx emissions is undergoing experimental evaluation. A major technical issue in the
design of this combustor is how to rapidly mix the hot fuel-rich primary zone product
with the secondary diluent air to obtain a fuel-lean mixture for combustion in the
secondary stage. Numerical predictions using steady-state methods cannot account
for the unsteady phenomena in the mixing region. Therefore, this project is addressing
a novel unsteady mixing model that can be used to evaluate mixing and combustion,
including NO production within the mixing region,  This model will be developed to
be used in conjunction with steady-state prediction methods and thus will have the
potential for providing an improved engineering design analysis tool. The capability
of this model will be demonstrated in Phase I with the eventual objective of coupling
the model to a steady-state solver in Phase II.
The model of unsteady mixing in realistic gas turbine combustors can be utilized
for a variety of design and analysis work both by the government and by the engine
manufacturing industry.
NOx production, rapid mixing, linear eddy, combustion, turbulent mixing, finite-rate
kinetics, entrainment, molecular diffusion

Project Title:

Compact Gas Turbine Engine with Effective Turbine

01.02-0875
901215
Compact Gas Turbine Engine with Effective Turbine

Abstract:

This project is investigating an innovative compact configuration of the gas turbine
engine that has unusually effective cooling of turbine blades. This could result
in higher turbine inlet temperatures, power, and efficiency than is common in turbines.
Because of its inherent low pressure ratio, the engine would be suited to, but not
limited to small scale applications. Phase I will study the effectiveness of blade
cooling and the potential benefits of elevated allowable turbine inlet temperatures
and explore the necessity for regeneration in a low-pressure-ratio, gas turbine engine.
If power and efficiency are enhanced as preliminary estimates would indicate, the
engine could compete for many applications now employing much more bulky piston engines.
It would be particularly attractive where a high degree of portability is important
as in emergency power or pumping stations, and vehicle propulsion.
Possible applications include efficient, high-output emergency power sources for
electricity, vehicles propulsion, or pumps for fire fighting or flood drainage.
turbine blade cooling, compact gas turbine engine, regeneration, low pressure ratio,
high turbine temperature, high power to weight ratio

Project Title:

Enhanced Diagnostic Methods for Planetary Gear Systems

01.02-3779
900618
Enhanced Diagnostic Methods for Planetary Gear Systems

Abstract:

Diagnostic fault detection requires knowledge of failure modes, recognition of measurable
fault patterns, and implementation of optimized signal processing. Many of today's
rotorcraft transmissions use planetary-gear reduction systems; these systems pose
a complex problem in the diagnostics field due to the non-fixed axis gears and bearings
present therein. This project will explore methods to increase the fault signal-to-noise
ratio for planetary systems though an integrated approach using the hunting tooth
period, innovative sensors and sensor locations, structural transmission path analysis,
and high frequency data processing techniques. The approach involves developing computer
based models for planetary gear system performance and fault patterns. In conjunction
with the computer models, diagnostic process algorithms will be built to optimize
detection of the predicted fault patterns. The algorithms will be tested on data
obtained with a gearbox monitoring system. Additionally, hardware requirements for
planetary-gear system monitoring will be developed. The resulting advances in planetary
gear diagnostics will be integrated with an on-going gear-monitoring research to
develop a unified approach to helicopter gear box monitoring.
This technology would augment diagnostic systems currently available.
planetary gear systems, hunting tooth vibration, diagnostics, testing

Project Title:

Novel Catalytic Approach to Combustion

01.02-5215
900774
Novel Catalytic Approach to Combustion

Abstract:

This project is developing a novel catalytically ignited, plug-flow combustor which
will improve gas turbine performance. Based upon prior SBIR projects and internal
research, the project will experimentally test key aspects of this improved catalytic
combustor, demonstrating improved operational limits. This new approach to the catalytic
combustor offers the potential for plug flow combustion at high velocity and temperatures
along with exceptional multifuel, turndown, and high-altitude, re-light capabilities.
Commercial applications include combustors for all types of gas turbine engines.
Data developed will also be helpful for other applications of catalytic ignition
and combustion.
catalytic, gas turbine, combustion

Project Title:

Integration of Combustor Aerodynamics and Fuel Spray to Increase Turndown Fuel-Air

01.02-6576
900445
Integration of Combustor Aerodynamics and Fuel Spray to Increase Turndown Fuel-Air

Abstract:

Ratio in Small Gas Turbine Combustors
This project will integrate combustor aerodynamics and fuel spray patterns to attain
high turndown ratios without significantly modifying conventional combustor geometry.
This will be accomplished by: the creation of two distinct zones within the combustor
primary zone which are independently fueled; use of a dual-lip airblast fuel atomizer
which fuels only the central recirculation zone at low power conditions and both
the dome and central recirculation zones at full power; and employment of staggered,
widely-spaced, upstream-angled primary holes that allow jet penetration into the
dome zone. In Phase I, three-dimensional CFD analysis will be performed on the advanced
configuration as well as a conventional configuration. Comparison will be made to
show the advanced design's potential of increasing turndown fuel-air ratio without
producing excessive smoke emissions. In Phase II, the design would be further optimized.
A sector combustor will be designed, fabricated and tested at various power settings
to experimentally demonstrate the concept.
The final products of this project would be of interest to manufacturers of gas turbine
engines and to government agencies responsible for combustor evaluation.
combustors, primary zone, swirlers, fuel injectors, gas turbine engines

Project Title:

New Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Counter-Propagating Waves

01.03-1228
901854
New Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Counter-Propagating Waves

Abstract:

A novel fiber optic approach is taken in this project to the distributed sensing
of forces and temperatures simultaneously at different locations with a single long
optical fiber probe. This concept uses temperature- and/or force-dependent stimulated
light amplification processes at each sensing point along the fiber probe. The approach
is designed to generate, at each sensing point along the fiber, optical signals unaffected
or only minimally affected by the magnitude of the forces and/or temperatures at
other points along the fiber. In contrast to presently known methods, our approach
does not require measurements of the state of polarization of the light at any point
along the fiber probe, and it should be implementable with relatively simple instrumentation.
The system should find applications in the monitoring of the structural integrity
of buildings, bridges, pipelines, and aircraft structures, and for implementing effective
process control in a wide variety of industrial processes.
fiber optics, sensors, distributed, raman amplification

Project Title:

Remote, Wireless Monitoring of Positron Escape for Gauging Temperature and Strain

01.03-6000
900505
Remote, Wireless Monitoring of Positron Escape for Gauging Temperature and Strain

Abstract:

This project will investigate monitoring of strains and temperatures based on the
unique electrical properties of positrons at metal surfaces. Unlike bound electrons,
positrons are often actively expelled from metals due to a net negative work function
which can be sensitive to strain or temperature. Sources can be inexpensively created
inside a metal component by accelerator activation. The fraction of positrons leaving
the surface would be affected by a number of strain or temperature sensitive variables,
such as work function, defect density, grain-boundary size, and conductivity. Thus,
monitoring of annihilation gamma rays away from the activated surface will indicate
strain or temperature as in conventional sensors but at much higher temperature and
with none of the disadvantages which characterize electrical or optical fiber connections.
This would be ideal for operating high-temperature engines, particularly on rotating
parts. Refractory materials could be used at extremely high temperatures, over 2000oC.
Rapidity of measurement would be a function of source strength, but quite modest
sources which do not involve any hazard or special handling could produce reliable
measurements every 10 to 20 seconds.
Wireless, high-temperature gauges would have widespread application in advanced engine
testing and development.
strain, thermometry, radiometry, sensors, gauges, positron, transducer, wireless.
strain, thermometry, radiometry, sensors, gauges, positron, transducer, wireless

Project Title:

Laser-Driven Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion Simulator

01.04-0003
901053
Laser-Driven Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion Simulator

Abstract:

This project addresses a novel concept for incorporating propulsive effects into
wind tunnel testing of hypersonic aircraft models. The concept involves using a laser
beam to add heat to the airflow entering the aircraft's power plant which is a ramjet
engine. The beam, which may be from a continuous wave or a repetitively-pulsed laser,
enters the nozzle and is focused at a spot. Heat transfer occurs due to absorption
of energy at laser wavelengths into the gas. It is envisioned that a commercially
available CO2 or other similar lasers will be suitable for current applications.
It appears plausible to produce thrust of one engine for a 1/100th scale model of
a typical multi-engine hypersonic vehicle without requiring prohibitive laser power
levels. If the concept is shown to be feasible, and can be demonstrated experimentally,
a significant new dimension will be added to the utility of high speed wind tunnels.
A simultaneous experimental simulation of aerodynamic and propulsion (or propulsion-induced)
effects will become possible.
The simultaneous experimental simulation of aerodynamics and propulsion, particularly,
the effects on aircraft drag, will add a new dimension to wind tunnel test methodology.
laser propulsion, propulsion simulation, propulsion-induced aerodynamics, hypersonic
testing

Project Title:

Solution Adaptive Gridding within the Chimera Grid Scheme

02.01-2027
901921
Solution Adaptive Gridding within the Chimera Grid Scheme

Abstract:

This project is concerned with the development of a computational tool that combine-solution-adaptive
techniques with an overset grid technique to solve unsteady aerodynamic problem in
such areas as powered lift, helicopter wake resolution, and high alpha, enhanced
maneuverability aircraft. Both techniques have been used to attempt to simplify the
task of generating efficient meshes for computational simulations, but grid generation
remains an obstacle to quick, accurate flow field simulations. The coupling of these
two techniques would allow for faster, more accurate grid generation, as well as
general purpose grids that would be well-suited for a range of flow field conditions.
This would greatly reduce the need to compute new grid systems for each new set of
flight conditions. In addition, a particular aspect of the Chimera scheme that can
allow relative motion between grids can be utilized by the solution adaptive technique
to compute time dependent adaptations.
Military and commercial aircraft designs for such aircraft as high maneuverability
fighters, powered lift vehicles, and helicopters would be improved with the advanced
simulation capabilities developed in this effort.
unsteady aerodynamics, solution adaptive grids, overset grids

Project Title:

A New Subgrid Model for Large-Eddy Simulations of Mixing and Chemical Reaction in

02.01-9500
900757
A New Subgrid Model for Large-Eddy Simulations of Mixing and Chemical Reaction in

Abstract:

Turbulent Flows
Conventional, turbulent-mixing models based on gradient-diffusion assumptions are
not capable of accurately predicting mixing and reaction rates in most practical
combustion devices. Furthermore, at the small scales, most conventional models make
no distinction between turbulent conversion and molecular diffusion. This distinction
is critical for the accurate description of the mixing process. In addition, it is
known that turbulent mixing and entrainment processes in shear flows are dominated
by unsteady, large-scale, vortical motions. The spatial and temporal evolution of
these large-scale structures cannot be modeled and must be explicitly computed for
accurate predictions. Phase I will explore subgrid modeling techniques for use in
large-eddy simulation (LES) of reacting flows. In particular, a model for mixing
and chemical reactions at the subgrid level, in both low- and high-speed flows, will
be developed based on Kerstein's linear-eddy approach. LES of incompressible, two-dimensional
mixing layers will be performed and the results will be compared with high-resolution
direct numerical simulations and available experimental data to assess the proposed
subgrid model. In Phase II, this model would be extended to study three-dimensional,
compressible reacting flows with heat release.
A predictive capability for unsteady simulation of combustion in both low- and high-speed
flows with full coupling between the chemical heat release and the fluid dynamic
flow field can be utilized for a variety of purposes by both government and industry.
turbulent mixing, large-eddy simulation, chemical reactions, subgrid modeling, supersonic
flows, multispecies mixing, linear eddy, compressible flows

Project Title:

Nonlinear Control of Shear Flows

02.02-9457B
901614
Nonlinear Control of Shear Flows

Abstract:

Chaos theory has recently suggested two innovative strategies for active control
of general, nonlinear systems. Both are potentially applicable to the problem of
controlling shear flows, whether it be to enhance or suppress the effects of turbulence.
Each makes essential use of the nonlinear character of the system to obtain control.
In model studies of nonlinear oscillators, control by one of these methods has already
produced dramatically better results then traditional linear methods. The question
whether these control schemes be made to work in bounded and unbounded shear layers
will be addressed by this project. Work will be done to determine the feasibility
of their application, to judge the suitability of each method in closed and open
flows, to suggest guidelines for their implementation, and to test them both on a
model problem that can display the mathematical character of either full development
and testing of nonlinear flow control schemes capable of substantial skin-friction
and heat-transfer reductions at walls and mixing enhancement in shear layers and
jets.
A practical flow control system that could decrease drag, heat transfer, and structural
vibration, increase payloads and propulsive efficiency, and enhance maneuverability
could have substantial impact on the economics of commercial flight operations.
nonlinear flow control, chaos, turbulence, shear flows

Project Title:

Hypervelocity Launcher for Aerothermodynamic Experiments

02.03-1806
901232
Hypervelocity Launcher for Aerothermodynamic Experiments

Abstract:

The development of hypersonic aerospace vehicles requires detailed knowledge of the
aerothermodynamic (ATD) environment in which the vehicle will be operated. Experimental
study of ATD parameters at greater than 6km/s is presently not feasible. The goal
of this project is to develop the technology base and demonstrate an electromagnetic
gun system capable of achieving greater than 6km/s launch velocity. The object is
to develop a distributed, energy-storage concept for powering railguns to push the
system energy conversion efficiency to more than 80 percent. This high efficiency
at hypervelocity will make ATD testing at greater than 6km/s feasible.
There are several potential applications of launchers capable of reaching >10km/s.
These include impact fusion, equation-of-state testing, and earth-to-space launch.
hypervelocity, railgun, aerothermodynamic, experimental

Project Title:

Innovative Model for Reacting Flows

02.03-3013
901389
Innovative Model for Reacting Flows

Abstract:

This project explores the benefits of a new computational model for reacting flows
which applies to nonequilibrium flows, in general, but is specially designed to address
the frequent condition in hypersonic flows where some of the reactants are near thermochemical
equilibrium, while the remainder are out of local equilibrium. Nonequilibrium flows
are present in several vehicles of interest to NASA, including future Space Shuttles,
the National Aerospace Plane, hypersonic transportation, aerobraking orbital transfer
vehicles, and planetary probes. Numerical methods to compute nonequilibrium flows
involving a moderate to large number of reactants are costly to operate and can benefit
substantially from simplifications; in some cases such simplifications are key to
the practical feasibility of the computations. The model based on past experience
with magneto-hydro-dynamic channel flows, and testing it numerically under hypersonic
flight conditions to assess its potential pay off for further Phase II development
and validation.
If the proposed model proves to be robust and to generate substantial cost savings,
commercial development for application to a variety of problems will be feasible.
hypersonic flow, nonequilibrium

Project Title:

Hypersonic Analysis for Vehicles in the Continuum-Transition Regime

02.04-3304
901483
Hypersonic Analysis for Vehicles in the Continuum-Transition Regime

Abstract:

Several aerospace vehicles are currently being considered that have a significant
portion of their flight path in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The flow about
these vehicles is in the continuum-transition regime where the standard equations
of continuum flow, the Navier-Stokes equations, begin to fail. We propose to modify
the HANA code, an existing Navier-Stokes code for the analysis of hypersonic vehicles
to solve the Burnett equations with coupled, rotational nonequilibrium. The Burnett
equations are more accurate than the Navier-Stokes equations for low-density flows
with finite thickness shocks. Solutions to the Burnett equations have only recently
been obtained for the hypersonic flows. The Phase I investigation will determine
the viability of solving the Burnett equations with coupled, rotational, nonequilibrium
and surface-slip, boundary conditions within the HANA code. In particular, the ramifications
of using upwind differencing of the inviscit fluxes and diagonalized viscous Jacobians
in the LU-SGS implicit method will be studied. The proper implementation of surface-slip,
boundary conditions will also be considered.
The proposed Burnett equation code will benefit existing and future hypersonic vehicle
development programs both within government and industry. The code will be marketable
to the aerospace industry.
hypersonic, CFD, Burnett, rarified, continuum-transition, implicit, upwind

Project Title:

Rarefied Gas Effects on Aerobraking/Reentry Vehicles with Wakes

02.04-8581
900293
Rarefied Gas Effects on Aerobraking/Reentry Vehicles with Wakes

Abstract:

Aerobraking vehicles (AOTV, ASTV and vehicles to Mars) are going to make several
passes and dip low in the transitional regime in order to achieve the desired reduction
in velocity. Even at the lowest point of the trajectory, surface-slip effects persist
and real-gas effects due to nonequilibrium dissociation and ionization significantly
alter the flow structure. Further, due to impingement of the shear layer on the vehicle
payload, it has become imperative to investigate accurately the complete flowfield
with wake closure on the vehicle in the presence of slip and real-gas effects. This
project will investigate the hypersonic-rarefied flow phenomena on a complete body
including wake with slip and real-gas effects from the upper rarefied region to the
lower continuum region of the transitional regime by incorporating in the mathematical
analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations with slip, an adaptive grid-generation technique
which will accurately resolve the shock structure zone, and the highly viscous region
near the surface. In Phase I, a suitable, adaptive-grid generation technique will
be incorporated in the mathematical model of the stagnation line flow. In Pase II,
computational algorithm developed in Phase I would be applied to predict the complete
flowfield with wake closure on bodies of arbitrary shape.
This computer code would provide to the designer of space vehicles vital information
about the aerothermal environment of an aerobraking/reentry-type vehicle with wake
in the complete transitional regime.
rarefied gas, Navier-Stokes, slip, merged layers, wake

Project Title:

Effects of Supercooling and Melt Phenomena on Particulate Radiation in Plumes

02.05-0003
900636
Effects of Supercooling and Melt Phenomena on Particulate Radiation in Plumes

Abstract:

In the evaluation of radiative heat loading from solid rocket plume particulate radiation,
the effects of particle supercooling on the submelt radiative characteristics are
not well understood. This project will experimentally characterize this supercooling
phenomenon by observing particle radiation during the rarefaction wave cooling of
shock-heated Al2O3 particles. The Phase I effort will provide NASA with quantitative
data for the effects of supercooling on the optical properties of Al2O3, and will
define potential Phase II efforts to quantify other high temperature radiative effects
and to develop experimental concepts for verification of predictive codes. The innovative
aspects of the work lie in the use of the rarefaction-wave in a shock tube to simulate
plume supercooling effects and in the application of state-of-the-art optical diagnostics
to determine refractive indices of particles at high temperatures.
The diagnostic techniques and data bases would be relevant to the solid rocket motor
industry.
plumes, radiation, particulates, solid rocket fuels, Mie scattering, optical properties

Project Title:

Radiation from Advanced, Solid Rocket Motor Plumes

02.05-2008
900788
Radiation from Advanced, Solid Rocket Motor Plumes

Abstract:

Thermal loads created by the plumes of advanced solid rocket motors are not predictable;
such loads are currently obtained from experiment. Test data are correlated by postulating
plume temperature, shape, and emissivity; and heating rates are calculated with appropriate
view factors from this simplistic plume model. Although other extensive relevant
technology has been developed to describe infrared signatures and to calculate plume
flowfields and non-grey, scattering radiation, such technology cannot yet provide
accurate base-heating estimates. This project will develop a prediction method for
quantitatively evaluating the thermal radiation from solid rocket motors which does
not require any subsidiary test data. Verification would be accomplished with existing
data, so that the method could be used as a design tool for evaluating radiation
base heating for advanced, solid rocket motor configurations.
A preliminary design tool for predicting radiative heating from advanced solid rocket
plumes would be used by NASA, DOD, and/or their prime contractors to analyze plume
heating for IR decoy design studies.
rocket plumes, plume radiation, IR signatures

Project Title:

A Zonal Method for Modeling Flow Fields of Powered-Lift Aircraft

02.06-3304
900738
A Zonal Method for Modeling Flow Fields of Powered-Lift Aircraft

Abstract:

Advanced short takeoff/vertical landing aircraft are designed to use exhaust jets
directly to increase lift. Being able to numerically model the flow fields involved
in these designs would greatly improve the design process. This project will develop
a cost effective flow analysis tool for modeling powered-lift aircraft flow fields.
A key ingredient in the development of a practical flow analysis is the turbulence
model. The Phase I objective is to develop and validate a turbulence model that will
accurately and efficiently model the turbulence phenomena in flows with strong curvature
as encountered in powered-lift flows. A two-equation model coupled to an algebraic
Reynolds stress model will be investigated in the context of a three-dimensional
Navier-Stokes code. A sub-grid-scale model will also be examined. The models will
be tested by calculating a jet in ground effect with a crossflow with particular
attention on the ground vortex.
The proposed flow analysis tool would be directly applicable to the design and evaluation
of powered-lift aircraft concepts.
zonal method, coupled analysis, Navier-Stokes, potential flow, powered-lift aircraft,
turbulence

Project Title:

A Multiple Component Force and Moment Balance for Water Tunnel Applications

02.06-8228
901124
A Multiple Component Force and Moment Balance for Water Tunnel Applications

Abstract:

The development of a multi-component force and moment balance for applications in
low-speed flow visualization water tunnels is the goal of this project. The balance
will allow detailed flow visualization and force and moment measurements to be performed
simultaneously in a water tunnel, thus providing quantitative information prior to
wind tunnel tests. In addition to saving time and cost of testing, uncertainties
associated with differences in models, facilities, and test conditions are eliminated.
The balance can also provide a capability for complicated dynamic measurements which
are difficult to perform in a wind tunnel. The long-term objective is to develop
and test a six-component force/moment balance system and related calibration equipment
that can be manufactured and produced commercially for other water tunnel users in
this country and abroad. The primary goal of Phase I is to develop preliminary designs
for various components of a force and moment balance. Major improvement and refinement
efforts would be carried out in Phase II to develop and construct a prototype of
a final design, and extensive static and dynamic tests will be performed to verify
the performance of the system and also to develop techniques for various applications.
Present water tunnel users in the U.S. and abroad would have the need for conducting
force and moment measurements in their tunnels. A balance capable of performing static
and dynamic force and moment measurements should greatly increase the interest and
demand for water tunnels.
water tunnel force and moment balance, static/dynamic measurements

Project Title:

Aerodynamic Control of Aircraft Using Miniature, Rotatable Nose-Boom Strakes

02.06-8228A
901126
Aerodynamic Control of Aircraft Using Miniature, Rotatable Nose-Boom Strakes

Abstract:

The goal of this project is an innovative method of enhancing the controllability
of aircraft at moderate to high angles of attack by controlling the forebody vortex
flow with rotatable nose-boom strakes. The idea is to control the asymmetry of the
nose-boom wake by placing small, movable strakes on the nose-boom. The wake then
acts as a controlled perturbation on the forebody flow and subsequently dictates
the form of the forebody vortex asymmertry. A preliminary water tunnel study demonstrated
that the concept is highly promising. The nose-boom strakes provide effective controls
on the forebody vortices for AOA's from approximately 25o to 60o or above. Thus control
forces may be generated to augment the controls presently available on the F-16 or
other aircraft to allow the full capability of the aircraft to be utilized. The innovative
system can potentially be very small in size, relatively easy to implement and operate,
and effective over wide ranges of angles of attack and sideslip.
This control system could be retrofitted to the existing aircraft and/or incorporated
in the ones in future production.
rotatable nose-boom strakes, forebody vortex control

Project Title:

A Novel Polarization Preserving Fiberoptic Sensor for High Temperature Environments

02.09-2701
901530
A Novel Polarization Preserving Fiberoptic Sensor for High Temperature Environments

Abstract:

This project investigates a novel fiberoptic sensor for high temperature environments
in which each eigenstate in a polarization preserving fiber forms an interferometer
to sense the temperature and the other causes of optical path length changes, such
as strain and pressure. This fiberoptic sensor has the potential for superior performance
in high-temperature environments as compared to the dual-wavelength fiber sensor.
Many fields could be explored for potential applications such as automobiles, aircraft,
production lines, and construction.
fiber sensor, fiber optics, temperature sensor

Project Title:

High Resolution Optical Multichannel Transducer Array for Wind Tunnel Applications

02.09-7500
901334
High Resolution Optical Multichannel Transducer Array for Wind Tunnel Applications

Abstract:

For the accurate analysis of wind tunnel modeling, it is necessary to have precise
measurements of the pressure profiles over the model surface to better understand
the effects of short scale length turbulence. The development of a durable transducer
array capable of spatially resolved, real time pressure measurements will be conducted.
The innovative features of the optical, multichannel transducer array (OMTA) are
two fold. First, the signals are based on optical effects for fast response and high
resolution. Second, the transducer array will be fabricated using semiconductor manufacturing
techniques and will be coated with diamond-like films for protection against high-temperature,
corrosive wind tunnel conditions. Through the use of such a system, high temporally
and spatially resolved measurements may be made in hostile environments. The importance
of this innovation is its impact on aerospace research and in particular, as a powerful
new diagnostic for wind tunnel studies on scale models.
This transducer system could be marketed as a finished product to be applied to harsh
environment sensing such as automobile engines or combustion facilities.
transducer array, fiber optic, pressure profile, wind tunnel

Project Title:

Adaptive Nonlinear Polynomial Networks for Rotorcraft Cabin Noise Reduction

02.10-4400
901887
Adaptive Nonlinear Polynomial Networks for Rotorcraft Cabin Noise Reduction

Abstract:

This project addresses the use of adaptive nonlinear polynomial network prediction
and noise cancellation algorithms to reduce rotorcraft cabin noise and vibration
via active anti-sound techniques. In recent years, there has been a considerable
amount of work on the use of statistical signal-processing techniques to produce
anti-sound acoustic fields for reducing vibration and noise in enclosed spaces. These
basic techniques employ adaptive linear prediction algorithms to the noise field
as sensed from an array of speakers to cancel the predictable part of the noise in
the array. The adaptive linear prediction and control methods used in the reduction
of cabin noise for propeller-driven appear to be quite successful. Although the noise
field produced by a propeller can be will-modeled as a Gaussian process (and thus
linear prediction is optimum), rotor noise typically has significant impulsive components
and cannot be well-modeled as a Gaussian process. Therefore, nonlinear predictors
are needed to achieve the desired cabin noise reduction. The Phase I work emphasize
the development of polynomial network predictor architectures to minimize the noise
residuals from an array of sensors within the cabin. In Phase II, a more detailed
multiple-error noise abatement system will be designed and evaluated using actual
rotorcraft data.
This work could be applied to areas of noise reduction in aircraft cabins and vibration
reduction in airframes. In a more general context, the modeling and processing techniques
could be applied in nonlinear signal processing for speech processing, data transmission,
and seismic signal processing.
impulsive noise, adaptive nonlinear prediction, rotor impulsive noise, noise cancellation,
rotorcraft cabin noise cancellation, anti-sound, statistical signal processing, non-gaussian
signal processing

Project Title:

Gas Turbine Noise Reduction

02.11-8610
900358
Gas Turbine Noise Reduction

Abstract:

Reduction of gas turbine propulsion system noise, and associated vibrations, is an
important goal for future aircraft. The objective of this project is to use an innovative
methodology to identify and quantify the primary source of noise in gas turbine combustors
and use the results to identify a high-potential, noise avoidance concept. An innovative
unsteady flow model will be used to identify and quantify the fluid dynamic source
of noise, small-scale experiments will be run to confirm the model results, and noise
avoidance concepts will be identified and ranked. A best concept will then be selected
and recommended for further development under a Phase II effort.
The use of this concept in commercial and military aircraft will reduce noise and
vibration impacts on aircraft, improve their reliability and reduce maintenance costs.
noise, combustion, vortex, combustor

Project Title:

Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Alloys for Use In Rotorcraft De-icing

03.01-0533
902141
Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Alloys for Use In Rotorcraft De-icing

Abstract:

Systems
Increased readiness and safety demands being made on helicopters require an all-weather
capability. While several promising deicers have been developed for fixed wing aircraft,
the requirement still exists for a reliable de-icing system compatible with helicopter
blades. The ideal deicer must be small, require a minimum amount of interface hardware,
be able to operate efficiently on low power/voltage, and be able to survive leading
edge erosion effects. This project will develop a unique ice protection system that
is based on the capability of shape memory alloys (SMAs) to change dimension rapidly
and reversibly when current or heat is applied. Several methods to induce the shape
memory effect including inherent resistive heating of the SMA, or heat transfer from
an attached thermal couple or conventional electrothermal de-icing coil will be investigated.
Mechanical debonding is expected to take place in seconds versus minutes using only
a fraction of the power required for thermal debonding. Helicopter blades may be
the ideal application for shape memory deicers because of the small leading edge
area and availability of convective cooling to induce martensitic transformations.
Phase I includes design and test of a SMA helicopter blade deicer prototype for evaluation
of leading edge ice debonding performance.
A shape memory alloy de-icing system may be well suited for use on marine vessels
and advanced commercial transports.
shape memory alloy, de-icing, rotorcraft

Project Title:

Pilot Wx Advisor

03.02-1400
901832
Pilot Wx Advisor

Abstract:

The safety of flight operations of many General Aviation (GA) aircraft is compromised
by the lack of real-time, severe weather information in the cockpit. This project
will develop and demonstrate an automated cockpit weather display system that will
do all these things and more. In Phase I, the ability of modern communication systems
to put large amounts of weather data derived from ground observing sites on board
a GA aircraft will be evaluated. Demonstration flight tests will be conducted to
show the feasibility of a satellite communication link and the prototype map-type
weather depictions. In Phase II, a prototype airborne system would be constructed
and tested on a high performance GA aircraft. Additional data types will be considered,
including area forecasts and trends, route cross sections, TDWR, and NEXRAD products,
if available, on an electronic, moving-map display. These additional data types will
be used as input to an on-board Smart System that would develop flight path recommendations
based on the Pilot's own operational criteria.
The potential market for a state-of-the-art cockpit weather display is conservatively
estimated to be 5000 units for existing aircraft, and 400 to 500 units a year for
new production.
hazardous weather, cockpit weather display, pilot weather advisor

Project Title:

Ideal Flying Qualities for Aero-Space Craft

03.03-2233
900490
Ideal Flying Qualities for Aero-Space Craft

Abstract:

There is currently considerable interest, both in the U.S. and abroad, in the development
of aircraft capable of hypersonic flight. However, there is very little guidance
available on the flying qualities characteristics which are desirable for this class
of vehicles. This project will attempt to determine the most ideal set of flying
qualities characteristics by using a key result of integrated control system technology.
Future hypersonic aircraft will no doubt require the use of an integrated control
system which will integrate the aircraft's aerodynamics, propulsion, and stabilization
system. Using an integrated, model-following control system, it is possible to make
the aircraft response match that of a chosen command mode.  Therefore, this project
will seek for the optimal command mode for hypersonic aircraft. This innovative approach
is in direct contrast to the traditional method of closing one control loop at a
time until "acceptable" flying qualities are achieved. The Phase I work will focus
on a review of current applicable flying qualities criteria, construction of a preliminary
command model, and development of a simulation test plan. The Phase I work will serve
as preparation for a real-time, piloted simulation of the command model dynamics
in Phase II.
Commercialization of the ideal command model description will result from technology
transfer to airframe manufacturers currently interested in developing manned, hypersonic
aircraft. The technology will be transferred by marketing software for comparison
of vehicle characteristics to the ideal.
hypersonic, flying qualities, flight control

Project Title:

Visual Motion for Rotorcraft Guidance

03.04-7300
901128
Visual Motion for Rotorcraft Guidance

Abstract:

For rotorcraft in a nap-of-the earth (NOE) flight regime, collision with wires presents
a significant threat to safety. Wire detection and avoidance is thus an important
part of safe NOE guidance. Wire detection can be difficult because:  wires are often
not strongly spatially evident, dangerous wires often occur at the focus-of-expansion
(FOE), there is often significant background clutter and noise, and the detection
task is on-going and must be fast enough to permit evasive maneuvers. This effort
examines innovative wire detection and tracking techniques that address these issues.
Wires are treated as moving edges in densely sampled imagery, and these edges are
then traced using local computational mechanisms that are amenable to fully parallel
implementation with VLSI. Tracker control methods will be explored which integrate
numeric information from known parameters of camera motion produced by gyros with
symbolic and rule-based information based upon aggregates of image features in order
to improve tracking and compute motion properties. These tracked edges provide important
descriptions of moving wires (e.g., measures of stability and motion) which can be
used for avoidance and guidance.
An automated wire avoidance system has direct applicability for commercial air traffic
safety. This project also provides a basis for developing advanced vision guided
robotic capabilities.
vision-guided navigation, wire detection and avoidance, moving edge detection, tracking,
parallel vision algorithms

Project Title:

A Compact Optical Air Data System for Flight Test Applications

03.05-3636
900731
A Compact Optical Air Data System for Flight Test Applications

Abstract:

An innovative electro-optical primary, air-data system concept that will provide
accurate airspeed, angle of attack, and angle of sideslip information will be evaluated.
Patented technology will allow a compact, lightweight, and eye-safe laser velocimeter
system to be constructed for airborne use. Phase I of the program will involve preliminary
flight testing of an existing proof-of-concept prototype unit to establish suitability
as a primary, air-data flight test instrument. Phase II is contemplated to expand
the flight envelope into the supersonic and high angle regimes with a fully capable
prototype system
In addition to flight-test measurement applications, this technology is valuable
in both commercial and military markets as both a primary air-data system for high-performance
aircraft as well as a "look-ahead" wind shear detector.
primary air data, electro-optics, laser doppler velocimetry, LIDAR

Project Title:

In-Flight Flow Velocity Sensor

03.05-6100
900147
In-Flight Flow Velocity Sensor

Abstract:

Existing airspeed sensors are bound to the airframe surface, and sample the flow
within the bow wave perturbation zone where airspeed and angle of attack information
are intermixed. This innovation combines recently developed technologies that enable
flow measurements off the airframe surface in the free stream beyond the bow wave.
Narrowband diode laser technology coupled with high power laser diodes and an innovative
double heterodyne detection system enables measurement of the Doppler shift of the
laser light backscattered from the aerosol content of the atmosphere. Three such
sensors can be used to determine the magnitude and vector direction of the air velocity,
yielding both airspeed and angle of attack. With a small addition in electronics,
an ice/snow discriminating detector could also be added to the system to warn of
dangerous levels of ice crystals in the freestream. This system will be all-solid-state
and, therefore, compact, efficient, and rugged enough for the inflight application.
The available dynamic range extends from low speed to Mach 18, depending on the electronics
design. The Phase I objective is to measure the signal-to-noise ratio of a breadboard
system.
After initial inflight testing to establish airframe performance envelopes, the sensor,
if the cost is low enough, could be used in general commercial aviation to optimize
fuel usage.
airspeed, angle-of-attack, compact, efficient, ice, laser, velocity

Project Title:

Non-Intrusive Boundary Layer Transition Frequency Detector

03.05-8100
900165
Non-Intrusive Boundary Layer Transition Frequency Detector

Abstract:

A non-intrusive boundary layer transition detector that can indicate the presence
of local transition and provide information on the frequency components of the flow
will be developed. The design concept is an adaptation of a transition detector used
successfully in ballistic missile reentry vehicle flights. The work will demonstrate
concept feasibility on flight skins of present interest to NASA. A study will be
performed to provide data for modeling the transitional and turbulent boundary layer
pressure spectrum. An evaluation of acoustic noise sources which may affect gage
performance and method for addressing them will be made. A preliminary heat-resistant
design will be constructed and tested in the laboratory for localized and frequency
response. Methods for improving gage ability to respond to only local signals will
be identified. A flight test program will be specified for evaluating gage performance
in a NASA field testing.
This gage would be useful instrumentation for many commercial firms and researchers
interested in transition experiments or any turbulent boundary layer experimentation.
Such development as the National Aerospace Plane and Supersonic Transport could use
the device to monitor the success of transition delaying techniques.
non-intrusive, boundary layer transition, acoustic sensor, piezoelectric

Project Title:

Compact Rugged Laser Doppler Velocimeter Probe for In-Flight Gas Turbine Inlet Flow

03.06-0321
901176
Compact Rugged Laser Doppler Velocimeter Probe for In-Flight Gas Turbine Inlet Flow

Abstract:

Measurements
Measurements of the inlet flow fields of aircraft propulsion systems are important
in defining the thrust and efficiency of these engines as well as to flight safety
when executing avoidance maneuvers. This project will develop a non-intrusive laser
Doppler velocimeter (LDV) probe that is compact and rugged enough to perform these
measurements in-flight. This LDV probe will replace the more intrusive and bulky
material probes currently in use. Mapping the inlet flow velocity will allow more
accurate measurement of in-flight thrust as well as aid in the understanding of inlet
stall and separation. This probe is only now possible with recent developments in
fiber optics and frequency domain signal processing. This project involves the definition,
design, and preliminary testing of an innovative probe to measure these inlet flow
fields. Size discrimination of seeded particles will be included so that atmospheric
aerosols can be used as seed particles. Testing of the prototype probe will be conducted
both in simulated and ground, tethered flow fields.
Beyond the measurement of inlet flow field of gas engines, this has commercial applicability
to numerous other flow fields such as power plants, rocket engines, and virtually
any fluid dynamic flow with harsh conditions.
laser doppler velocimeter, gas turbine inlet

Project Title:

Carbon-Carbon/Refractory Metal Heat Pipes for Leading Edge Cooling on Reusable Hypersonic

03.07-0236
900799
Carbon-Carbon/Refractory Metal Heat Pipes for Leading Edge Cooling on Reusable Hypersonic

Abstract:

Vehicles
Reusable hypersonic vehicles, operating well beyond the performance envelope of conventional
aircraft, will encounter extremely high temperatures; during reentry, the nose will
experience in excess of 5000oF, and leading edge surfaces will feel nearly 3500oF.
Clearly, lightweight leading edge cooling concepts are needed to withstand such high
temperatures. The heat pipe, a quasipassive, self-contained, low-maintenance device,
should be well-suited for leading edge cooling applications. In this Phase I program,
this project will demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating a straight D-shaped
heat pipe by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and infiltration (CVI). The wick will
be a refractory metal-infiltrated carbon foam, and the container walls will be a
thin refractory metal skin or shell. Compatibility of the chosen refractory metal
with carbon-carbon will be established, and CVD technique for producing container
walls of minimum thickness for weight reduction will be defined. At the end of the
project, the heat pipe will be filled with a working fluid and tested for isothermal
operation. The result will be the definition of techniques for fabricating actual
leading edge heat pipe configurations in Phase II and beyond.
Lightweight, refractory metal heat pipes would apply to the wing leading edges of
reusable hypersonic vehicles such as the NASP.
heat pipes, leading edge cooling, reusable hypersonic vehicles, foams, refractory
metals, carbon-carbon composites, chemical vapor deposition/infiltration, NASP

Project Title:

Passive Propeller Control

03.08-9983
901863
Passive Propeller Control

Abstract:

Very high altitude, long endurance (VHALE) type aircraft operate over a wide power
range due to altitude and fuel load changes. Matching the propeller to the engine
over this range is difficult without a complicated variable pitch propeller or gearing.
Passive optimal pitch control is the goal of this project. The concept consists of
a aerodynamically tailored blade, balance weights, and torsionally soft spar mounted
on the main propeller shaft and attached to the blade at a point near its mid span.
This eliminates most or all of the linkages and bearings normally needed in a variable
pitch mechanism achieving substantial weight savings and increased reliability. The
problem of simple inertial/aero/elastic control is that, over a wide operating range,
the required setting is difficult to achieve passively. A method for the multi-point
optimal design of passive pitch control propellers which deals with the matching
problem will be applied. The tasks include determining design requirements, developing
a computer design method for the blade pitch dynamics, exercising the method to design
a specific passive pitch propeller mechanism, and evaluating the merits of this concept.
The commercial applications of the design concept and methodology would be in VHALE
and other UAV and light plane applications.
VHALE propulsion, passive pitch control, constant speed propeller

Project Title:

Knowledge-Based Tools for the Conceptual Design of Human-Machine Systems

03.09-1457
901254
Knowledge-Based Tools for the Conceptual Design of Human-Machine Systems

Abstract:

While current technology has made the automation of many crew functions feasible,
the human's capabilities, limitations, and preferences may make automating certain
functions undesirable. Designers initially make function allocation decisions during
the conceptual design of human-machine systems. There are currently no knowledge-based
tools available that support the designer in making these decisions. These decisions
define the nature of the human's role in the system and determine the potential performance
levels that can be achieved with the system. A large percentage of the life cycle
costs of a system are also determined by decisions made during conceptual design.
The design tools to be developed in this project will support the designer in defining
and allocating the system's functions; evaluating the human's functions and tasks
by examining the capabilities, limitations, and preferences of the human; and suggesting
methods for overcoming the limitations and enhancing the capabilities of the human.
This effort will determine the nature of the support that the designer needs, identify
design and knowledge representations for the tools, and develop a scripted prototype
to demonstrate and evaluate the tools.
Knowledge-based tools that support the conceptual design of human-machine systems
have the potential for wide application in aviation, manufacturing, process, and
power industries.
tools, conceptual design, human-machine systems, function allocation

Project Title:

Applying Recognition-Primed Decision Making to Man-Machine Interface (MMI) Design

03.09-2691
901437
Applying Recognition-Primed Decision Making to Man-Machine Interface (MMI) Design

Abstract:

Flight mission operations can require decision making under conditions--time pressure,
psychological stress, poor information, uncertain communications--that make careful
analysis difficult. Recent research on strategies of experienced decision makers
in complex operational tasks has generated such descriptive accounts as the Recognition-Primed
Decision (RPD) model, showing why prescriptive decision support systems (DSSs) are
poorly received in the field. Under pressure, experts use experience to generate
a likely course of action. The goal of this project is to build on recent research
with the RPD model for designing more effective DSSs and man-machine interfaces (MMIs).
It should also generate three sets of engineering design principles, one for identifying
the critical decisions within a mission, a second for defining the boundary conditions
of different decision strategies, and the third will address the use of the RPD model
for DSS and MMI design.
The research could apply in a variety of domains (e.g., air traffic control, process
control, as well as aviation) where there are needs for operators to respond quickly
to emergency conditions.
man-machine interface, human-computer interaction, decision support system, decisions,
decision making, user-computer interface, stress

Project Title:

Applications of Artificial Intelligence to NASP

03.10-7212A
901676
Applications of Artificial Intelligence to NASP

Abstract:

This project explores the applicability of expert system technology to the National
Aerospace Plane (NASP). It will investigate the feasibility of developing real-time
cooperating, distributed expert systems executing in either on-board or ground based
computers (or both) to perform a variety of functions. The functions include mission
planning (including real-time replanning);  system monitoring, diagnostics and management;
and trajectory management and control. Prudent application of this branch of artificial
intelligence to NASP will improve the platform's operational versatility, adaptability,
and effectiveness. Specific potential improvements include an on-board capability
of adjusting a mission plan in real-time in response to a system failure or degraded
performance, an on-board capability of monitoring and providing diagnostics for NASP
subsystems, and preflight planning passed on the automated flight test management
system. Expert system technology is particularly suited to abort trajectory management,
propulsion system monitoring and diagnostics, and flight test planning.
Extensions of this work could apply to planet surface and atmospheric explorers (such
as the Mars Rover), military reconnaissance vehicles, and others.
expert systems, planners, monitoring, diagnostics, trajectory

Project Title:

A Finite Element Heat Transfer Analysis System for Simulation of Flight Vehicles

03.11-1679
900210
A Finite Element Heat Transfer Analysis System for Simulation of Flight Vehicles

Abstract:

Predicting the performance of a hypersonic aerospacecraft such as the National AeroSpace
Plane (NASP) is difficult because of current technological limitations. Wind tunnels
to run high Mach flights to get data on airflow, roll rate, and shock structures
are not available. Numerical simulation based on the finite element solution technique
offers a viable, rapid and accurate approach for predicting flight characteristics
needed for design, for interpreting flight test results, and for ensuring safety
during flight envelope expansion. Such flight characteristics are highly nonlinear
and complex due to inherent interactions of several constituent disciplines such
as structures, heat transfer, materials, fluid dynamics, controls, propulsion, and
others. Further, the relevant analysis requires extensive supercomputing effort.
Consequently, several essential disciplines as well as efficient solution techniques
will be incorporated in an integrated vehicle flight simulation system. Phase I activities
will focus on developing methodologies for nonlinear heat transfer simulation capabilities.
The development of a complete heat transfer analysis system as well as efficient
algorithms for capturing shocks, separated flows and vortices in hypersonic flows,
and adaptive and automatic mesh generation techniques will be addressed in Phase
II.
An integrated numerical simulation system can be used to solve a wide spectrum of
problems in almost all branches of engineering including aerospace, civil, mechanical,
electrical, automotive, petrochemical, bio-medical, and space engineering.
FEM, heat transfer, CFD, flight characteristics, aerospacecraft simulation

Project Title:

Solution-Adaptive Code For Analysis Of Fatigue Crack Propagation In Aerospace Structures

04.01-8122
9000082
Solution-Adaptive Code For Analysis Of Fatigue Crack Propagation In Aerospace Structures

Abstract:

This project will develop solution-adaptive techniques and a computer code for use
in analyzing fatigue crack propagation in aerospace structural components. A fracture
analysis computational tool will be created using modern adaptive finite element
techniques, extraction formulas and crack propagation theories. The code will be
virtually a stand-alone module in that no additional structural modeling will be
required other than a description of the material flaw.  It will be developed as
a post processor to existing finite element program packages. The finite element
model of the unflawed structure will be prepared in the same manner as is currently
done. Flaws can be introduced into these existing finite element models and the fracture
analysis performed virtually transparent to the user. The stress analyst can then
perform a fracture mechanics analysis with very little additional effort. The Phase
I study will focus on solution-adaptive algorithm development and will utilize stress
intensity factor calculations for fatigue life prediction. The Phase II study will
include research and development into constitutive theories of fracture, accurate
stress recovery procedures, adaptive refinement strategies, and development and delivery
of a general three-dimensional code
The computer code will be valuable to aerospace, mechanical and civil engineers in
all disciplines. Among the numerous commercial applications are design of high rise
buildings, analysis of damaged buildings, structural fatigue analysis of commercial
airplanes, and safety analyses of automobiles, bridges and highways.
fracture mechanics, fatigue crack propagation, finite elements

Project Title:

Real Time Monitoring of Material Degradation of Fiber Composites

04.01-8200
901048
Real Time Monitoring of Material Degradation of Fiber Composites

Abstract:

A novel approach for the on-line monitoring of degradation of composite material
will be investigated. This approach utilizes the dynamic response characteristic
of the composite components and a pattern recognition method. The dynamic responses
of a perfect and a degraded component can be simulated through a finite element analyses.
The results can be used in a training/learning exercise through an expert system
to classify the degradation status of other similar components. This approach will
provide an efficient means of assessing qualitatively the well-being of the component.
This approach can provide an efficient means for the quality control and on-line
monitoring of composite components in aircraft.
real time monitoring, fiber composites, stiffness, residual strength

Project Title:

Thermo-Chemical Structural Analysis of Carbon-Phenolics With Pore Pressure and Pyrolysis

04.01-8900
900006
Thermo-Chemical Structural Analysis of Carbon-Phenolics With Pore Pressure and Pyrolysis

Abstract:

Effects
Carbon-phenolic (c/ph) composites have been widely used in solid rocket motors, despite
the fact that their high-temperature, thermostructural behavior is not well understood.
Many of the failure modes (e.g., wedge-out, ply-lift, delamination, pocketing) commonly
seen in the c/ph components of fired SRM nozzles can only be explained as pore-pressure-induced
phenomena that occur during pyrolysis. Yet, none of the current thermostructural
analysis methods are capable of accurately predicting the high heating rate behavior
of simple c/ph test specimens, let alone accurately characterizing the pore pressure
and pyrolysis behavior of an actual motor nozzle. This project addresses the problem
of accurately characterizing the thermostructural behavior of c/ph subjected to a
high-temperature and heating-rate environment as typically found in a solid rocket
motor. This will be accomplished by a method which couples the thermo-chemical to
the thermostructural analysis by using a volume-based continuity model. This unique
approach models the pore-pressure development during pyrolysis more accurately than
current analytical methods since it couples the pore-pressure level directly to the
structural deformations.
The development of an accurate thermostructural analysis method for carbon-phenolic
materials is s\extremely important to increasing the performance, reliability, and
level of confidence in the design of large solid rocket motors.
carbon-phenolic, pyrolysis, pore pressure

Project Title:

Method for Producing Ultra-Pure Titanium Aluminide Wire for Arc-Spray Feed

04.02-4888
901983
Method for Producing Ultra-Pure Titanium Aluminide Wire for Arc-Spray Feed

Abstract:

Metal-matrix composites are being considered as exceptionally useful materials to
replace very high performance, light-metal alloys and super-alloys for very high
trust-per-pound aircraft propulsion devises. There are many manufacturing difficulties
with these materials, however. The consolidation of continuous fiber reinforcement
with the matrix into a useful intermediate product such as tapes ia a major one.
One particularly attractive way of doing this is by the use of arc-spray transport
of the intermetallic material. Such a process requires an uncontaminated wire feed
material. Manufacture of such a wire by conventional means if very difficult, if
not impossible. This work covers an effort to show the feasibility of making an ultra-high-purity,
intermetallic wire material by chemical vapor deposition of titanium aluminide on
a very small, high purity, seed wire. Not only does this provide a convenient way
of making the wire without conventional drawing problems, but offers the prospect
of eliminating the problem of interstitial contamination.
A better method to make the tape intermediate for metal matrix composite bodies would
allow MMCs to replace a large percentage of high performance light metal and super
alloys for gas turbines and other applications.
metal matrix, titanium aluminide, intermetallic wire

Project Title:

The Development of FeBe5 Fiber Using a Dual Plasma Deposition System

04.03-1980A
900704
The Development of FeBe5 Fiber Using a Dual Plasma Deposition System

Abstract:

New fibers are needed to produce intermetallic composites for use in aero and space
propulsion systems because existing fibers do not have adequate thermochemical stability
in desirable structural materials such as iron aluminide. FeBe5 has been predicted
to have thermochemical stability in iron aluminide and would be a desirable reinforcement
if it could be produced in a fibrous form with high strength. A new dual plasma process
has been developed that has the ability to deposit FeBe5 and other difficult-to-deposit
materials at high deposition rates. The dual plasma process will be utilized to develop
the deposition of FeBe5 into oxide fiber substrate producing fiber diameters up to
75u. The FeBe5 fibers will be characterized for mechanical properties and compatibility
in an iron aluminide matrix.
Iron beryllide fibers, predicted to be thermochemically stable in iron aluminide,
other intermetallics, and metals, could be applied in composites for a wide variety
of aero and space propulsion systems and aerospace structures as well as tools, dies
and general structures.
iron beryllide, intermetallics, fibers, beryllium intermetallics

Project Title:

High Performance, Textile Grade, Micro-Laminate fibers

04.03-4888A
901982
High Performance, Textile Grade, Micro-Laminate fibers

Abstract:

A technique has been devised to make high-operating-temperature, ceramic, micro-fibers
by chemical vapor deposition of a silicon carbide ultra-structure on a filamental
seed. Chemical vapor deposition for making fibers is old art, but the fibers produced
were always macro-fibers, some of which have performed very well because of the very
high strength of the deposited material. The approach taken in this project makes
use of CVD techniques to deposit a micro-laminated structure, wherein the laminates
do not exceed 50 nm in thickness. Great toughness is expected from these fibers.
Because of their small diameters they will be textile-grade fibers. Additionally,
barrier coatings will be applied as the final laminate without interruption of the
process.
Successful completion of this project should provide improved, micro-fibers for light-weight,
erosion, and oxidation-resistant metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites for aerospace
vehicle and engine use.
ultra-structures, micro-fibers, metal-matrix, ceramic-matrix

Project Title:

Coated Graphites Fibers for Highly Conductive Composites

04.03-8080
901936
Coated Graphites Fibers for Highly Conductive Composites

Abstract:

Copper/graphite composites offer a unique combination of high thermal conductivity
and high temperature strength and modulus. They are particularly useful for thermal
management for space power generation. However, because molten copper does not wet
graphite, hot pressed copper/graphite composites are not thermally stable, developing
pores and swelling when exposed to high temperature environments. The purpose of
this project is to develop a reliable and reproducible coating process for graphite
fibers which would allow the fibers to be wet by molten copper. Not only will it
improve the thermal stability of the composite, but it will be easier to produce
complex forms and structures by means of the air stable coating. The coating is compatible
with other metals, such as aluminum, allowing the same coating to be used to produce
aluminum/graphite composites.
The high conductivity of the composite may be useful as a heat sink for high power
integrated circuits. Other composites which would be developed in future research
such as aluminum/graphite would be useful for aerospace structures.
composite, fiber coating, copper, graphite, thermal management

Project Title:

Innovative Fiber Laser Furnace

04.03-8476
900593
Innovative Fiber Laser Furnace

Abstract:

The innovative fiber laser furnace offers the opportunity for new technology in the
single crystal fiber testing laboratory. Single crystal fiber research involves the
production of new single crystal fibers with subsequent strength testing. Extensive
testing requires heating the fiber to the operational temperatures of the fibers
application. IN this case, one encounters problems associated with the heating of
a small mass which is surrounded by a large massive testing machine. Typically, use
of bulk-type resistance heaters requires large electrical input powers to reach the
testing temperatures. These heaters also heat up the fiber clamps and surrounding
machine and increase the difficulty of the measurement. This project investigates
a laser-heated furnace to facilitate the testing of aerospace fibers.
This product would provide for the upgrading of fiber testing machines to enhance
measurement capabilities.
fiber, testing, aerospace materials, composite fiber testing

Project Title:

Protective Refractory Alloy Composite Coating Using Novel LTAVD Technique

04.04-1980
900705
Protective Refractory Alloy Composite Coating Using Novel LTAVD Technique

Abstract:

There is a critical need to eliminate the severe restrictions imposed on the use
of many alloys in advanced propulsion systems due to hydrogen embrittlement and oxygen
instability. The application of a stable coating which could protect the alloy from
these environmental hazards would substantially improve the efficiency and performance
of the components in these systems. It is proposed that this can be achieved with
the application of a Zr02-TiC alloyed composite coating of a possibly graded composition.
Zr02 has a thermal expansion coefficient approaching that of metals (reducing thermal
stress), and the Zr02-TiC material has previously exhibited low wear at both low
and high temperatures. This coating will be deposited using a novel coating approach
in which the ceramic composite is used as the cathode in an electric arc discharge
mode. The proposed technique is innovative in that the materials are deposited at
very high kinetic energies which results in excellent adhesion and a high rate of
deposition. In addition, this will involve the deposition of multicomponent refractory
materials without the introduction of a significant amount of heat to the substrate.
The successful application of low temperature coating of multicomponent refractory
composites could be applicable for propulsion system components, aerospace components,
engine components, cutting tools, and wear parts.
plasma, composites, coating, advanced propulsion systems

Project Title:

Environment-Resistant Coatings for Ti-Alloys

04.04-5200
900859
Environment-Resistant Coatings for Ti-Alloys

Abstract:

The NiCoCrAlY compositions are extensively used for oxidation protection of Ni-base
superalloys. However, for higher temperature Ti-alloys, this overlay will react with
the substrate thus defeating the intended purpose of the coating. This project explores
the development of a composite coating where an intermediate NiTi layer is interposed
between the titanium alloy and the NiCoCrAlY overlay. The ductile NiTi layer can
accommodate interfacial stresses generated due to the thermal expansion mismatch
between the base material and the protective coating. In addition to NiTi being compatible
with titanium, it is expected to be compatible with the NiCoCrAlY layer as well.
The establishment of this composite coating approach will result in a rather quick
and easy adaptation of the well examined and applied NiCoCrAlY coating to titanium
alloys thus enhancing their capability for high performance gas turbine applications.
Applications would be in structural and gas turbine engine applications where higher
operating temperatures can result in significantly higher thermal efficiencies and
where an improved environmental resistance can significantly improve the in-service
life of the component.
oxidation resistant coatings, environment resistance

Project Title:

Enhanced Computational Structural Methods for Aerospace Applications

04.05-2380
900199
Enhanced Computational Structural Methods for Aerospace Applications

Abstract:

Two methodologies for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of computer analysis
of aerospace structures will be addressed. The approach is the use of functional-link
neural-net technology for generalization of quantitative analysis results so as to
circumvent the need for extensive time-consuming reanalysis and the use of the episodal
associative memory for capturing design experience for the guidance of subsequent
designs. The functional-link net methodology is a neural-net technology developed
by the firm and is particularly useful for learning functional relationships and
for providing accurate quantitative estimates in response to designs and for converging
in on optimal designs. The episodal associative memory is a computer architecture
for organizing and storing experimental knowledge which can be retrieved associately
in response to new tasks. This additional functionality can be effective in directing
the creation and analysis of a new design.
The resulting computer soft-ware systems will greatly enhance the power of all finite-element
analysis tools and optimal design tools. This technology will find use in essentially
all computer design aids offered commercially.
aerospace, structures, analysis, optimal-design, neural networks, associative -memory

Project Title:

A New Machine Architecture for Structural Analysis

04.05-8166
900156
A New Machine Architecture for Structural Analysis

Abstract:

A fast novel scientific workstation is proposed for solving aeropropulsion system
structures with cyclic symmetry exhibiting nonlinear response in high temperatures.
An engineering study will map efficient algorithms onto new parallel architecture
which is extensible across both the SIMD and MIMD design paradigm. A significant
feature of the approach is the coupling of the same computational kernel to several
processing elements so that true parallel computing without usual data partitioning
overhead occurs. A fully parallel single instruction/clock crossbar ASIC is to be
implemented for the dynamically reconfigurable architecture. This achievement is
now possible only through recent VLSI discoveries with ASIC devices. Because the
computer hardware "glue logic" has shrunk, physical boards and backplanes have also
reduced to make economic designs at 200 MHz clocks feasible.
This fast architecture is attractive to several biomedical applications including
MRI, CATSCAN, PETSCAN, and Ultrasound imaging because the efficient parallel algorithms
and data streaming speeds reduce both computation time and hardware costs.
multiprocessor, SIMD, MIMD, SVD, crossbar, vector, scientific workstation

Project Title:

Pressure Infiltration of Net-shape Graphite Preforms for Metal Matrix Composites

04.06-1477
901698
Pressure Infiltration of Net-shape Graphite Preforms for Metal Matrix Composites

Abstract:

Much of the cost of advanced composites is due to fiber handling and consolidation.
These "fiber placement" costs rise as the shape of the component becomes more complex
and as the number of reinforced directions increases.  This project will examine
a new method for producing three-dimensional, carbon-reinforced metal matrix composites.
All fiber handling steps are eliminated through the use of a new preform material.
This novel material is produced by in-situ creation of vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)
upon a molded carbon scaffold. VGCF has a unique morphology which may act as a mechanical
fuse to improve composite toughness. Although produced from inexpensive hydrocarbon
gases, VGCF's properties approach those of single crystal graphite, including a modulus
of 87 MSI, strength of l.0 MSI, and thermal conductivity of l950 W/m K. Metal matrix
composites will be fabricated using a pressure infiltration technique developed by
James Cornie, Director of the Laboratory for Inorganic Composites at MIT.
Commercial applications include low-cost metal matrix composites for high performance
structural and thermal management applications. Specific commercial components include
electronic heat sinks and packaging material and space-based thermal radiators.
metal composite, carbon graphite, net-shape, thermal

Project Title:

Development of Synergistic Prepregging Technologies

04.06-3200
902079
Development of Synergistic Prepregging Technologies

Abstract:

High performance, thermoplastic (TP) resins are notoriously difficult to melt-prepreg
because of their high viscosities, and high modulus fibers for advanced composites
are difficult to handle and melt-prepreg. Two innovative prepregging technologies
will be combined with advanced fiber/matrix materials to form prepregs that provide
superior structural efficiency and excellent high temperature performance. These
synergistic technologies are high shear prepregging (HSP) and maximal fiber spreading
(MFS). HSP technology dramatically reduces TP resin viscosities by shear-thinning
and readily accomplishes complete fiber impregnation. Current commercial prepregging
technology yields prepregs with minimum fiber areal weights (FAWs) of only 90 g/m2.
Foster-Miller's MFS technology will be able to achieve FAWs of 30 g/m2. Combining
these two technologies will result in ultrathin, high performance thermoplastic prepreg
which will provide significant structural weight savings and enhanced performance
in aerospace applications. This Phase I effort will demonstrate the synergistic prepregging
technologies by designing and fabricating a small-scale demonstration MFS system
which will be used in conjunction with HSP technology to produce high quality Gr/LaRC-TPI
prepreg with a FAW <35 g/m2. This prepreg will be molded into laminates for SEM,
tensile testing, and sampling to NASA.
Ultrathin (l mil thickness), high performance TP prepreg can be used with automated
fabrication methods to make aerostructure components for commercial applications
like the high speed civil transport, tubular members for space structures, and ultralightweight
beam structures.
thermoplastic, fiber spreading, LaRC-TPI, graphite fiber, advanced composites, high
temperature performance, lightweight structures

Project Title:

Protective Coating for Carbon-Carbon Composites

04.06-6000
900228
Protective Coating for Carbon-Carbon Composites

Abstract:

Carbon-carbon (C-C) has an extremely high strength-to-weight ratio and would therefore
be the material of choice for hot structures on hypersonic vehicles if its oxidation
resistance could be improved. To achieve this objective a coating system will be
developed in which a very thin film of platinum serves as the final line of defense
against oxidation. Platinum has a high melting temperature, excellent oxidation resistance,
and is ductile enough to avoid cracking during thermal cycling. To assure good adhesion,
the platinum film will be formed on C-C by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). IBAD
will be used in Phase I to platinum coat two-dimensional (2D) C-C coupons; the coupons
will be evaluated for oxidation resistance up to 2500oF during thermal cycling. Successful
Phase I results will lead to fabrication and testing of C-C panels with platinum
films forming part of an oxidation-resistant coating system. The platinum film will
be one component of a system incorporating matrix oxidation inhibitors, ceramic surface
coatings, and glassy crack sealers--resulting in multiple lines of defense against
composite oxidation.
Successful development of oxidation-resistant coatings for C-C composites would increase
the lifetime of aerodynamically heated surfaces of high performance aircraft and
hypersonic vehicles and turbine and rocket engine components. Additional applications
include furnaces for drawing glass fibers and hot tooling in the steel industry.
coatings, carbon-carbon composites, oxidation resistance, platinum

Project Title:

Remotely Deployable Self-Rigidizing Composite Space Structures

04.06-9709
900663
Remotely Deployable Self-Rigidizing Composite Space Structures

Abstract:

Major design and cost factors in space structures are deployment and dimensional
stability. These are particularly important considerations for large space structure
assemblies associated with the space station, space platforms, large deployable antennas,
solar energy collectors, and many other applications. Innovative space structures
that utilize lightweight non-metallic, high-strength, reversible and nonreversible
polyimide composite materials will be evaluated to determine their feasibility for
remote deployment and self-rigidization. The polyimides to be evaluated were developed
for enhanced resistance to the space environment. The composite materials fabrication
process will be refined and structural elements will be fabricated and tested individually
and in a proof of concept deployable structure configuration. The results of this
research will demonstrate the feasibility of deployable space structures of superior
characteristics.
This technology has commercial application in space platforms, large satellites,
and satellite servicing operations.j
space structures, self-rigidizing, polyimide composite, lightweight

Project Title:

Advanced Powder Synthesis for Improved High Temperature Light Alloys

04.07-0236
900788
Advanced Powder Synthesis for Improved High Temperature Light Alloys

Abstract:

This project will demonstrate the feasibility of a unique new method for producing
dispersion-hardened alloys. Dispersed, stable second-phase particles having a controlled
morphology will be incorporated into matrices of aluminum and titanium alloys. This
will be accomplished by coating each particle of the matrix powders with titanium
diboride (TiB2) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), followed by milling/grinding
to disperse the second phase into the particles. Successive coating/milling steps
will guild up the  desired volume fraction of dispersed second phase (=20%), followed
by consolidation. Additionally, TiB2 reinforcement particles will be coated with
titanium and aluminum and then consolidated. The combination of CVD coating and mechanical
alloying to provide an intimate mixture of a dispersed second phase will result in
an innovative advance in metal-matrix composite processing while effectively eliminating
problems of homogeneous mixing, distribution of second phase particles, and contamination
by impurities. This process will also address current needs for advanced composite
materials having low density, high specific strength and modulus, high damage tolerance,
and resistance to microcracking when exposed to long-term thermal cycling.
This process for incorporation of new strengthening and stiffening phases in light
metal alloys and intermetallic materials is directly scaleable to production quantities
while the properties of the dispersed phase (particle size, volume/weight fractions)
will be controllable and repeatable over wide ranges.
metal matrix composites, titanium diboride (TiB2), light alloys, aluminum, titanium,
strengthening, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), dispersion hardening

Project Title:

Novel Higher Temperature Aluminum Alloys by Rapid Consolidation of Glassy

04.07-1933
901318
Novel Higher Temperature Aluminum Alloys by Rapid Consolidation of Glassy

Abstract:

NASA has interest in new aluminum alloys of non-equilibrium chemistries with the
objective of increasing the upper use temperature by 200F. Prior art has dealt with
the use of rapid solidification to form fine grained crystalline alloys based on
Al-Fe-V-Si, Al-Fe-Ce, and Al-Fe-Mo-V. While these alloys have shown promise in improving
use temperature, significant further improvement could be feasible by controlled
crystallization and consolidation of recently developed high crystallization temperature
glassy alloys (Tc=450C). However, conventional consolidation processes such as hot
pressing and hot isostatic processing are not amenable to simultaneous requirements
of full density, small grain size low cost. Recently, a quasi-isostatic high pressure
consolidation process developed by the firm enables consolidation at short times
(5-30 secs.) and at lower temperatures than hot isostatic processing while achieving
full density. Phase I will evaluate the feasibility of producing fully dense, ultrafine
grained aluminum alloys by controlled crystallization of a glassy aluminum Al-Si-Fe-Y
alloy which if thermally stable to high temperatures.
Phase I is expected to show that the goal of attaining 200F increases in use temperature
of aluminum alloy is feasible. The data generated in Phase I will enable Phase II
to focus on upscaled fabrication of large billets and will involve evaluation of
metal working to form sheets, forgings, and plates. Extensive mechanical testing
will also be carried out in Phase II.
metallic glass, crystallization, high temperature, alloy, rapid solidification

Project Title:

Low-Flow, Arc-Head Vacuum Welding

04.08-1933
900058
Low-Flow, Arc-Head Vacuum Welding

Abstract:

On-orbit welding for either assembly or repair of future spacestations and platforms
will require novel approaches to the design of the arc-type welding heads to ensure
that this very successful form of metal joining can be applied in the vacuum of space.
In particular, the clean welds accomplished using the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and
plasma welding approaches make these common and fairly well understood techniques
highly desirable for space application. Although air contamination is not a problem
in space, existing commercially available TIG and plasma welding heads require large
inert gas flow rates (approx. l ;0 liters/min.) for arc stability. This gas consumption
requirement is unacceptable for a practical space-based welding technique. A novel
method of lowering this gas consumption will be developed by using a hollow cathode
in place of a solid Tungsten cathode electrode to reduce the inert gas flow requirement
to approx. 0.02 liters/min. for weld currents of hundreds of amperes.
Low-flow, Arc-Head Vacuum Welding would have application in future NASA and commercial
space-based fabrication. In addition, this vacuum welding concept could be a more
versatile and attractive technique than certain ground-based, electron=beam production
welding systems.
hollow cathode, low-flow, arc-head, vacuum welding

Project Title:

An Investigation into the Feasibility of GMA Welding in Space

04.08-2200
900804
An Investigation into the Feasibility of GMA Welding in Space

Abstract:

Construction and assembly of large structures will require use of various metal joining
processes. Welding is one of several methods under consideration for this purpose.
Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welding has advantages over other welding processes (i.e., laser,
election beam, and plasma arc welding) considered for use in space in that GMA welding
is more easily suited to manual and autonomous operation, requires less power to
operate, and equipment costs are considerably less. This effort will empirically
determine the feasibility of GMA welding in a vacuum and then project the influences
of weightlessness, temperature, and remoteness on the feasibility of using this process
in space. The successful development of the proposed GMA welding system will make
it a candidate for assembly and maintenance of large structures in space.
Applications include direct use by NASA contractors responsible for space station
assembly and maintenance. Indirectly, this development will reveal methods for improving
commercial weld processing on earth.
welding, automation, space, vacuum, assembly, construction, GMAW

Project Title:

Neural Networks for Welding Control

04.08-8877A
901072
Neural Networks for Welding Control

Abstract:

This project is developing methods to use artificial neural networks for modeling
and control of arc welding processes. Artificial neural networks will be compared
with more traditional models, such as those derived from the physics of heart conduction,
and techniques for combining the use of both in modeling and control will be explored.
Artificial neural networks are advantageous in that essentially no explicit model
derivation of the process is necessary. Rather, neural networks are trained with
real welding data from the process to be modeled, and they adapt themselves autonomously
to "learn" or capture the general process characteristics. It has been shown that
neural network models are generally numerically more accurate and usually faster
in execution than most of their traditional physically based counterparts. Typical
accuracy in predicting geometrical features of welds is on the order of 10% or better.
Physically based models, on the other hand, provide intuitive insight into the processes,
and they will be used here for guiding and checking the overall validity of the neural
network solutions.
This project is likely to result in increased productivity and improved process quality
of arc welding.
arc welding, process control, weld modeling, artificial neural networks

Project Title:

Feature Enhanced Ultrasonic Flaw Detection and Micro-structure Characterization Algorithms

04.09-1911A
901873
Feature Enhanced Ultrasonic Flaw Detection and Micro-structure Characterization Algorithms

Abstract:

for NDE Systems
In this project, some novel signal processing techniques for feature-enhanced, ultrasonic
NDE systems will be examined and implemented. The processing techniques have two
objectives:  to reduce the background noise in order to improve flaw visibility and
sizing and to obtain signal parameters that can be correlated to the microstructure
for characterization. An interactive software package for an Apple Mac II platform
adaptable to the NDE ultrasonic system at NASA will be developed and implemented.
For enhanced ultrasonic flaw detection, a split-spectrum processing followed by averaging,
median filtering, minimum detection, quadratic optimal detection, and generalized
order statistic filtering will be developed. Novel algorithms for microstructure
imaging and characterization such as temporal smoothing, dispersive velocity estimation,
correlation processing, homomorphic processing, power spectrum and moment estimation,
and linear predictive coding will be developed and implemented.
The system would allow cost-effective utilization of state-of-the-art signal processing
algorithms for improved flaw detection and microstructure characterization in a portable
ultrasonic nondestructive testing environment.
ultrasonic NDE, signal processing, flaw detection, microstructure characterization

Project Title:

Thermographic Stress Analysis and NDE via Focal Plane Array Detectors

04.09-8120
900334
Thermographic Stress Analysis and NDE via Focal Plane Array Detectors

Abstract:

This innovation will advance the state of the art and practical capabilities of thermographic
stress analysis (TSA) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) to investigate and predict
the mechanical behaviors of models and real structures. A benchmarking method will
be established to optimize stress resolution and speed of imaging. A new TSA/NDE
system based on focal plane array detectors will be designed and analytically evaluated.
The objectives are to quantify the net capability of any existing or proposed TSA/NDE
instrument, estimate the expected improvement of the proposed system over current
ones, and create the preliminary design of an instrument with high stress resolution
and speed. The anticipated results of Phase I work will include a prototype benchmarking
instrument that will aid in determining the feasibility of the new TSA/NDE instrument.
The prototype of the new device will be made during Phase II, aiming for NASA applications
in basic material studies (monolithics and composites; wide range of temperatures),
and quantitative, stress-based NDE and life prediction of machines and structures.
The method will be capable of full-field, noncontacting analysis of objects loaded
sinusoidally or self-excited, such as engines.
The new TSA/NDE device will be commercialized by production and sale of standardized
or customized hardware and software and by contractual testing of materials, components,
machines and structures.
thermographic stress analysis, thermoelasticity, NDE, focal plane arrays

Project Title:

Liquid Crystal Polymers for CTE Matched PWBs

04.11-3200
902075
Liquid Crystal Polymers for CTE Matched PWBs

Abstract:

This project addresses the use of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) materials and processes
to fabricate laminated printed circuit boards (PCB) with the in-plane coefficient
of thermal expansion (CTE) matched to the ceramic chip carriers (6 to 7 ppm/oC) and
the out-of-plane CTE below 30 ppm/oC. This approach will solve the problem of thermal
fatigue related failures of solder joints enabling the implementation of surface
mount technology in space flight electronics. Also, this approach will enable the
use of reliable multilayer circuits by minimizing thermally induced stresses on plated,
through-hole vias. The result will be performance gains (weight and volume reductions
over 50 percent below current designs), clock speed and memory size increases, along
with reliability for long duration (up to 20 year) missions. In Phase I, a unique
film extrusion process followed by novel post processing techniques to tailor the
CTE of the LCP circuit layers will be used to  demonstrate that innovative materials
and processes can eliminate the problem of thermal fatigue in solder joints. In Phase
II, techniques will be developed for fabricating multilayer boards with LCPs. The
solder joint's performance and reliability advantages and commercial viability of
these new materials over the current state-of-the-art will be demonstrated.
Controlled CTE, multilayer PCBs will permit NASA's future space programs (such as
the Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System to utilize the increased speed,
smaller size, lighter weight, and larger memory offered by today's leadless ceramic
chip carriers and surface mount technology.
CTE matched boards, laminated printed circuit boards, liquid crystal polymers, solder
joint reliability, spacecraft electronics, electronics packaging

Project Title:

Automated NDE Scanner for Cracks

04.11-8166
900158
Automated NDE Scanner for Cracks

Abstract:

This project capitalizes on three emerging technologies by integrating a flexible
membrane as a highly efficient transducer, impressive scanning and imaging algorithms
found in medicine, and low-cost PC-based computers with a fast, digital signal processing
(DSP) board. The eventual machine shall be capable of supporting rapid testing of
ferrous and non-ferrous materials while on the assembly line with little operator
attention, thus reducing quality control costs directly at the factory as a type
of "go no go" detector. This will be possible in large part by the rugged and flexible
transducer harness which will be impervious to a harsh manufacturing environment,
the high quality of signal analysis afforded by tomography and the currently low
cost computers.
NDE of weldments, airframe integrity, mechanical bearing analysis, bone tissue diagnosis,
dental surgery, and economical seismic exploration will benefit greatly from a low-cost
expedient ultrasonic NDE analyzer.
NDE, ultrasonic, tomography, Gericke, PZDF

Project Title:

Conductive Paints Based on Soluble Conducting Polymers

04.11-9049
901998
Conductive Paints Based on Soluble Conducting Polymers

Abstract:

Recent unrelated work at the company has yielded a major breakthrough in conducting
polymer technology, with soluble, processible polymers with high solubility in organic
solvents, and homogeneous, reproducible thin films with conductivities as high as
1,000 S/cm. The present work seeks to further enhance conductivities of these polymers
based on trends identified in the prior work, and also to prepare and evaluate paints
by dispersing solutions of these elastomeric copolymers with conductive carbon black.
These copolymers will have anticipated superior conductivity, solubility, and processibility.
The work will also attempt to improve solubilizing, processing and coating techniques.
The design of the targeted new copolymers includes consideration of improved elastomericity
for better cryogenic application and environmental stability via exclusion of reactive
substituents. Besides the advantages of weight, processibility, one-component nature,
and stability , the proposed paints will be more conductive than currently available
paints based on non-conductive binders
Light-weight, processible and stable conductive coatings can be utilized in EMI shielding,
IR emissivity and radar signature reduction, and electrochromic displays.
conductive, paint, soluble, conducting, polymer, cryogenic

Project Title:

Use of Honeycomb Technology to Save Weight in Composite Flexible Blanket Insulation

04.12-5367
901486
Use of Honeycomb Technology to Save Weight in Composite Flexible Blanket Insulation

Abstract:

Space Shuttle flights have demonstrated the value of flexible ceramic blankets such
as Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation (AFRSI) for reentry thermal protection
on areas exposed to moderate heating rates. Other ceramic blankets are being developed
for future spacecraft such as the NASP, Shuttle-C, and Aeroassist Orbital Transfer
Vehicles. Pitts and Kourtides (1989) describe a hybrid insulation combining ceramic
blankets and Multi-Layer Insulations (MLI) which could reduce blanket weight by 500
g./sq.m. The advantage is realized because MLI's are approximately 100 times less
conductive than ceramic blankets. This project will investigate further improvements
in MLI's made possible by substituting honeycomb separators for the scrim or crinkled
Kapton currently used in MLI's. The flexible honeycomb layers, which may be produced
from polymeric or ceramic materials, are expected to be more durable than the crinkled
Kapton and significantly lighter in weight than scrim. The additional wight saved
through the use of honeycomb could exceed 700 g./sq.m. The work will include thermal
conductivity measurements of samples at temperatures of 300o to 1300oK and pressures
of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 atmosphere pressure. The data will be incorporated in a computer
model to predict benefits to NASA missions.
High temperature insulation developed for spacecraft thermal protection systems will
spin-off insulations for commercial aircraft, ovens, cryogenic systems, and other
industrial applications.
multilayer insulation, thermal protection systems

Project Title:

Six Degree of Freedom Active Vibration Damping for Space Applications

04.13-2407
900529
Six Degree of Freedom Active Vibration Damping for Space Applications

Abstract:

This project deals with vibration damping in space applications. The company has
spent two years investigating and then simulating control of a high-speed, high-precision,
six-degree-of-freedom motion stage based on a six-legged, parallel-link manipulator.
This system exploits six magnetostrictive actuators, one in series with each conventional
leg actuator. This allows the conventional actuators to provide six-degree-of-freedom
positioning while the six magnetostrictive actuators (which elongate under the freedom,
high-frequency vibration isolation. Magnetostrictive elements are extremely light
and can exert large forces at high frequencies. The six-legged, parallel-link mechanism,
called a Stewart Platform, provides a means to convert this one dimensional displacement
into six-dimensional, high-frequency, high-precision motion. In space structures,
the vibrational forces will include flexing and twisting, and we believe that six
axis counter motion is essential to implementing high performance active vibrator
 isolation and damping. The system being investigated will meet this requirement.
This system would apply to engine quieting, camera stabilization, precision microscopy,
and six axis machining.
parallel link manipulator, vibration isolation, feedforward control, Steward Platform,
six axis manipulator.

Project Title:

Quick Look Modal Testing of Flexible Structures

04.14-2733
900163
Quick Look Modal Testing of Flexible Structures

Abstract:

An innovative modal test analysis technique for successful ground testing of large
precision space structures will be investigated. In particular, traditional approaches
to modal testing are hampered by the overwhelming amount of data which must be acquired,
stored and analyzed for these large flexible structures, which reflects directly
on testing costs and time. The application of data compression principles to modal
analysis is proposed as a method of providing a cost-effective, quick look at the
test data. This is accomplished by a combined automated zooming in on the band-widths
of interest, and efficient manipulation of the compressed information for the eventual
visualization of the modal data. The speed and accuracy of the proposed quick look
method will be compared to standard modal testing algorithm such as ERA, ITD and
the polyreference method.
This method is potentially faster than existing research and commercial packages
and would be applicable to all areas of modal testing (auto industry, spacecraft,
computer industry, etc.)
rule based data retrieval, data compression, mode shape

Project Title:

Development and Fabrication of Multi-Inlet Tubular Joint Structures for Spacecraft

04.14-5325A
900721
Development and Fabrication of Multi-Inlet Tubular Joint Structures for Spacecraft

Abstract:

Application
There exists a need for integrally woven composite joint structures in the aerospace
community. Joining technology has not kept pace with the improvements made to current
and projected spacecraft accommodating the increasingly harsh environments that spacecraft
are subjected to during flight. This effort will focus on the development of the
technology necessary to integrally weave complex multi-inlet joint structures.  Graphite
fiber tows will be used to fabricate the woven fiber preform, and the resulting composite
system will be infiltrated with molten metal to form a metal matrix composite. Development
of this type of joint will offer the improved mechanical properties of the integrally
woven preform and the enhanced environmental stability of the metal matrix. The resulting
joint technology will allow spacecraft manufacturers to utilize a whole new family
of composite joint systems.
New composite joint technology will play a key role in space structure assembly (both
ground-based and in space) and in next generation supersonic aircraft as well. These
joints may be applicable to many high temperature applications including future hypersonic
transports such as NASP and HSCT.
Integrally woven, multi-inlet joint, preform, space structures, composites

Project Title:

Magnetic Energy Absorber for Docking Impact Attenuation

04.14-7351
900840
Magnetic Energy Absorber for Docking Impact Attenuation

Abstract:

Magnetic, eddy-current devices based on rare-earth magnets are very attractive as
passive absorbers of impact energy for spacecraft. Their advantages include highly
predictable behavior, all-metal construction, insensitivity to temperature, high
force/velocity ration in a light, compact package, ruggedness, simplicity, reliability,
and ease of force profiling. A single unit capable of dissipating the kinetic energy
of a typical Orbitor-Station docking could weigh less than 20 Kg. A long stroke (order
of 1 M) is practical and could be used to keep the peak impact force quite small.
This effort will investigate the feasibility of a magnetic energy absorber as a docking
impact attenuator for Space Station Freedom. A dynamically scaled demonstrator device
will be designed, fabricated, and tested within Phase I. Correlation of analytical
design predictions and test results will be used to evaluate scalability of the design
to the required size.
Magnetic energy absorbers (dashpots) could be used to advantage in a number of current
applications where a viscous damper must function with high reliability in a hostile
environment or over a wide temperature range. Examples are seismic pipe snubbers
in nuclear plants or tuned-mass vibration dampers for low-frequency structures such
as aircraft and spacecraft.
impact attenuator, dashpot, damper, docking, magnetic

Project Title:

Epitaxial Growth of Semiconductors on High-Tc Superconductor Crystals

04.15-0046
900526
Epitaxial Growth of Semiconductors on High-Tc Superconductor Crystals

Abstract:

This project in investigating the epitaxial growth of semiconductors (Si and GaAs)
on single crystal, high temperature superconductors. These materials will lead to
the monolithic integration of high temperature superconducting devices and electronic/optoelectronic
semiconductor devices. Epitaxial semiconductor/high-Tc-superconductor materials will
also lead to the invention of new devices involving the interplay of the as yet unknown
superconducting mechanism and semiconductor physics. The development will involve:
 development of a method for substrate preparation, the determination of the substrate
surface behavior in ultra-high-vacuum at temperatures up to the film growth temperatures;
the determination of the optimum parameters for growth of each semiconductor, and
the characterization of the semiconductor/high-Tc-superconductor materials to determine
structural, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Phase II will study the
use of epitaxial semiconductor/high-Tc-superconductor materials for monolithic integrated
circuit sensors, superconducting mixers for millimeter and far-infrared receivers,
and semiconductor circuits for high-speed, on-chip signal processing.
Applications would occur in millimeter/far-infrared receivers with wide bandwidth
and low noise, focal plane array receivers with on-chip signal processing and monolithic
integration of high-speed superconducting electronics and semiconducting electronics
and optoelectronics.
superconductor, semiconductor, electronics, epitaxy, film, monolithic, circuit, mixer

Project Title:

Large Area, High-Temperature Superconducting Thin Films

04.15-6700
900927
Large Area, High-Temperature Superconducting Thin Films

Abstract:

The high-temperature superconducting films now deposited in situ are large enough
for research purposes and for production of a limited number of devices. But most
practical devices and circuits will require high-quality films o large substrates.
This project will develop a process for depositing high-quality films of YBa2Cu3O7-d,
with uniform thickness and uniform electrical properties, in technologically useful
sizes - that is, on substrates 2 to 4 inches in diameter. Tools for measuring the
properties of the large films locally as well as in their entirety will also be developed.
The availability of large films and tools for characterizing them will accelerate
the commercialization of high-temperature electronics.
There are many commercial applications of high-temperature superconductors such as
delay lines and chip-to-chip interconnects that require large areas of superconducting
film patterned so as to provide the desired circuit characteristics.
superconductors, high temperature superconductors, large area, thin films

Project Title:

Buffer Layers on Low Substrates for High Temperature Superconducting Thin Films

04.15-7646A
901324
Buffer Layers on Low Substrates for High Temperature Superconducting Thin Films

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to develop epitaxial buffer layers grown by chemical
vapor deposition (CVD) that will provide both a diffusion/reaction barrier and a
transition in crystal structure and lattice parameter between a low-loss, single-crystal
substrate and an epitaxial, single-crystal, high-temperature superconducting film.
Phase I will establish proof of concept via homoepitaxy.;  For example, MgO films
will be grown on single crystal MgO substrates and LaA103 films will be grown on
single crystal LaA103 substrates. The films will be evaluated for crystal quality,
surface smoothness, and uniformity, and process conditions will be adjusted to optimize
film properties. In Phase II the process will be extended to heteroepitaxy, with
the goal of providing epitaxial buffer layers for superconducting films on substrates
such as single crystal A12O3 (sapphire) that are highly desirable for microwave applications.
A process that can successfully epitaxial buffer layers on sapphire will provide
significant benefit for the manufacture of superconducting films and devices for
microwave applications.
CVD, epitaxy, superconductor, thallium, film, buffer layer, microwave, losses

Project Title:

Field Emission Enhancement and Confinement from Superconductive Surfaces

04.15-8623
900065
Field Emission Enhancement and Confinement from Superconductive Surfaces

Abstract:

This project studies the feasibility of using a superconductive surface as the source
of electrons for electron beam diode applications. Ceramic based materials such as
YBa2Cu3O6+x will be tested. The material will be deposited as a coating on a metal
electrode. The same material will be also tested in solid form. This work will correlate
the field emission characteristics of the superconductive surface with the field
emission formulations of Fowler-Nordheim and Richardson-Dushman. Feasibility of using
superconductive materials as electron sources for beam diodes will be determined
by demonstrating coating integrity and superconductive material electron emission
under DC and high voltage pulsed regimes. If this concept is feasible current densities
of more than 100 A/cm2 will be demonstrated during the Phase I program.
Some of the anticipated benefits include:  high current density electron beam source
for FEL, modulated-electron diode with the emission surface turned on and off by
a modulating magnetic field, accelerator resonant cavities with controlled or no
field emission, and microwave oscillators in which the oscillating magnetic field
controls the electron emission source.
superconductor, field emission, electron beam

Project Title:

An Innovative Technique to Produce High Jc, High-Strength HTS Wire Using Newly Discovered

04.15-9023A
901929
An Innovative Technique to Produce High Jc, High-Strength HTS Wire Using Newly Discovered

Abstract:

Processes and Materials
The company has developed a concept to produce functional super-conducting wire using
the heretofore unsuccessful 'powder in tube' process, dynamic compaction of the melt
process phase of SHS material generation, and high pressure operation of the resultant
aligned crystalline structure. The pre-reaction SHS powders will be placed in a silver
tube. These powders will then be ignited using normal SHS mixtures and processes.
 As the flame progresses down the tube creating a melt-phase liquid, the tube will
be swaged down to dynamically compact the melt. This will force the crystals to lay
down along their long axes in the tube. Upon cooling, the silver tube will contract
a greater amount than the ceramic superconductor putting the ceramic under pressure
to improve the Tc and Jc. The company will use its BISCCO-Pb powder which as a Tc
onset of 117K.
Applications would be in high power magnets, antennas, power and data conductors,
and sensors

Project Title:

High-Tc Superconducting Composites for Interconnects to Cryogenic Equipment

04.15-9450
900912
High-Tc Superconducting Composites for Interconnects to Cryogenic Equipment

Abstract:

A vacuum deposition process that promotes crystallographic orientation and high critical
currents in YBa2Cu3O7-x films deposited on ceramic substrates will be developed as
a means of fabricating flexible electrical interconnects to cryogenic equipment in
the space environment. The interconnects will comprise a thin film of high-Jc YBa2Cu3O7-x
deposited onto flexible ceramic tapes and filaments, a buffer layer, a vacuum deposited
oxide overlayer, and a low out-gassing polymer encapsulant. Methods for reducing
both conductive and radiant heat transfer are incorporated into the design. The interconnects
would have significantly lower thermal conductivity, no I2R losses (for DC applications),
and would be of equivalent or lower wight than conventional metal interconnects.
The low thermal conductivity will minimize cryogen (primary liquid helium) loss and
significantly increase the mission life of sensors and other equipment requiring
cryogenic cooling. The principal technical objective of the Phase I program is to
demonstrate the deposition of high-Jc YBa2Cu3O7-x (Jc-106 A/cm2 at 77 K) on flexible
tapes and filaments with an Ic of 20 A at 77 K.
Spaceborne applications include optical sensors and cryogenic equipment (e.g., superconducting
magnets) in scientific and military satellites with long mission life requirements.
Applications also extend to interconnects between cryogenically cooled electronic
packages were I2R heating and thermal conduction must be minimized.
superconductors, interconnects, YBa2Cu3O7-x, thermal conductivity, vacuum coating

Project Title:

Recovery of Oxygen from Lunar Soils in a Plasma Reactor

04.16-3200
902076
Recovery of Oxygen from Lunar Soils in a Plasma Reactor

Abstract:

The specific focus of this project is a plasma process for the recovery of oxygen
at high yield from minimally beneficiated lunar soils, where the soil is dissociated
into its elements in a plasma arc and the oxygen is recovered by quenching the product
mix. The objective of the Phase I program is to determine the feasibility of oxygen
recovery from lunar soils in a plasma reactor without the addition of chemicals.
Theoretical and experimental studies are planned. The theoretical part of the program
will estimate the temperature needed to ensure that most of the ore is dissociated
into atoms, and the heat transfer rate required to quench the reaction of cooling
the product stream. These results will then provide the basis for evaluating the
findings of the experimental tests to be conducted in a laboratory-scale plasma reactor.
Cost estimate for a full-scale facility will be estimated.
This process can be adapted to developing an extremely clean and efficient technique
for handling terrestrial waste. The process has the potential of breaking down and
separating the most objectionable compounds in terrestrial waste.
plasma, oxygen recovery, quenching, lunar soils, ilmenite

Project Title:

Novel Approach to the Electrolysis of Oxides

04.16-3260
900332
Novel Approach to the Electrolysis of Oxides

Abstract:

Electrolysis of lunar oxides dissolved in a molten electrolyte is a promising approach
to produce oxygen on the moon for propulsion and sustaining human life. Molten fluorides
have been considered a s electrolytes in the past, because of their relatively low
melting point and their high specific electrical conductivity. A properly selected
all-oxide electrolyte may have similar beneficial properties and additional advantages
in critical areas of the electrochemical process. This project, thus, involves the
study of oxide melts and their application to the electrolysis of oxide mixtures
as they occur in readily available lunar resources.
The results of the study are expected to be of direct pertinence also to the development
of advanced terrestrial electrolytic processes, e.g., to produce aluminum metal with
greater energy efficiency and without the emission of carbon dioxide.
lunar electrolysis, oxygen production, molten electrolytes, oxides

Project Title:

Human-Machine Interaction in Human Assisted Robotic Systems

05.01-0970
900960
Human-Machine Interaction in Human Assisted Robotic Systems

Abstract:

This project introduces a new class of robot manipulators called "extenders."  Extenders
are worn by humans and increase human mechanical ability while the human's intellect
serves as the central intelligent control system for manipulating the extender. The
human body, in physical contact with the extender, exchanges power and information
signals with the extender. This project's objective is to develop ground rules for
the control of robotic systems worn by humans through the design, construction, and
control of a simple experimental extender. This knowledge will be the basis for the
design and construction of a multi-degree-of-freedom extender in Phase II.
The technique is applicable in areas where human power needs to be amplified but
still retain precise operator control such as cargo handling or construction. An
example application might be a human power amplified forklift.
extenders, human power amplifiers

Project Title:

Analysis of the Human Musculoskeletal System for Teleoperator System Design

05.02-0649
901331
Analysis of the Human Musculoskeletal System for Teleoperator System Design

Abstract:

Teleoperators are key components of future space exploration missions. As the use
of teleoperators and the length of time people operate them increases, it has become
necessary to evaluate the physiological and ergonomic parameters of the system. This
project addresses this need by modeling the human musculoskeletal (m-s) system. The
motion of the limbs and the muscle and joint reaction forces required to produce
the teleoperator motion and overcome its feedback forces are included. The model
will be used to establish and verify representations for physiological performance
degradation due to pain and exhaustion and to suggest optimal positions to extend
the operator's performance. Phase I of this project will be concerned with the development
of a general modeling procedure for the human m-s system and assess its application
in the evaluation of human performance of teleoperators.
This model would provide teleoperators with better ergonomic design and lower cost
of design, more effective designs of the work place for manual labor jobs, and improved
artificial joint designs.
biomechanics, musculoskeletal systems, robotics, teleoperators, telerobotics

Project Title:

An Integrated Micro-gyroscope

05.03-0540A
901857
An Integrated Micro-gyroscope

Abstract:

Micro-electronic fabrication technologies have recently been applied to produce novel
micro-mechanical devises such as motors, sensors, and actuators. Their small size
and easy integration with micro-electronics invite innovative research, but thus
far few useful application concepts have been developed. One device with widespread
application would be an electrically suspended micro-gyroscope. The motor, sensor,
suspension, and control and interface electronics could be packaged on a single chip.
The devices could be produced for low cost in large quantities and see widespread
use in integrated navigation and control systems for end effectors, vehicles, or
projectiles. A micro-gyroscope might also allow the development of very small autonomous
airplanes, ground vehicles, or satellites for terrestrial, planetary, or space exploration.
The first phase of this project will involve development of micro-machine design
and analysis tools, their use to investigate possible gyroscope configurations, and
the establishment of a baseline design for the mechanics, sensors, actuators, and
electronics. A Phase II effort would include detailed design, fabrication, and testing
of a prototype micro-gyroscope.
An integrated micro-gyroscope would have commercial and government use in many guidance
and control applications. The advancement of micro-fabrication technology would also
assist the development of other useful micro-devices.
micro-machine, gyroscope, electric suspension

Project Title:

A Gravity Compensation System for Simulation of On-Orbit Telerobotic Operations

05.03-0661
900905
A Gravity Compensation System for Simulation of On-Orbit Telerobotic Operations

Abstract:

The goal of this project is a three-dimensional, electromechanical gravity compensation
system for the purpose of duplicating on-orbit telerobotic operations. The project
objectives are to develop the concept to the point that the system parameters will
allow, as a baseline, a full-scale flight version of the Space Station Flight Telerobotic
Servicer to be manipulated with robust gravity compensation in a typical high-bay
facility. Further objectives are to determine the range of the system operational
envelope to determine the parameters of the control and sensing systems, and to validate
system design aspects through breadboard hardware planning, design, fabrication,
and testing. The results of this effort will be Level 1 concept and developmental
design drawings (per DoD Directive 1000B) of the system. This innovation will provide
NASA with a low-cost method to approximate more closely on-orbit telerobotic activities
that are not well duplicated in a traditional neutral buoyancy environment.
The low-cost proposed telerobotic simulator system will facilitate the development
and implementation of satellite servicing operations which in turn is expected to
reduce satellite unit cost thus improving the competitive posture of American satellite
manufacturers.
gravity compensation, flight telerobotic servicer, electromechanical, neutral buoyancy

Project Title:

A Method of Improving the Dynamic Performance of Telerobotic Systems.

05.03-2491
901934
A Method of Improving the Dynamic Performance of Telerobotic Systems.

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to develop an approach for commanding telerobots
to move with greatly increased dynamic performance. The performance increase will
be achieved by eliminating excitation of oscillations in the machine. Settling time
will, therefore, be significantly reduced. The feasibility of a new technique called
impulse shaping will be investigated. A rudimentary version of this new technique
has been demonstrated on simple research systems (both in software and hardware).
The objective of this work is to formulate this technique for more complex machines.
The results that have been obtained to date indicate that this technique, if pursued,
could significantly improve the task-performing capabilities of telerobots and other
machines. This extension of the impulse shaping technique would result in an innovation
because an entirely new technology would be available for machine control.
Some of the many examples of possible applications are:  the shuttle Remote Manipulator
System, equipment for payload experiments and satellites, the Space Station, the
Mars Rover, the Space Shuttle Digital Auto Pilot, computer disk drives, silicon wafer
steppers, wire bonding machines, construction cranes, optical systems (i.e., etching
machines), chemical processes, assembly equipment, NC machine tools, robotics, automobile
active suspensions, and many others.
telerobots, flexible systems, dynamic performance, damping, oscillations, vibrations,
residual vibration, remote manipulator system

Project Title:

Real-time Object and Robot End-effector Tracking System

05.03-8500A
901060
Real-time Object and Robot End-effector Tracking System

Abstract:

Real-time three-dimensional object tracking is the key to successfully completing
robotic end-effector docking tasks in uncertain and changeable environments. Since
systems for reliably tracking three-dimensional objects under realistic conditions
do not yet exist, this project proposes to design a Real-time object and robotic
end-effector tracking system (RORETS). RORETS is centered on a recently discovered
approach to estimate the position and orientation (pose) of arbitrarily shaped, partially
visible three-dimensional objects in a single, cluttered, noisy image. To attain
real-time performance, the firm has reformulated the theory behind the pose estimator
and adapted a new representation of three-dimensional objects that allows the appearance
of edge contours to be predicted from any viewpoint very quickly. With appropriate
hardware, these innovations, coupled with a real-time implementation of a Kalman
filter for estimating objects' motion parameters, will allow RORETS to achieve real-time
tracking performance.
RORETS will provide the capability to track arbitrarily shaped, partially visible
three-dimensional objects under realistic noisy and cluttered images, permitting
robots to undertake tasks that were previously impossible. The commercial applications
are in the use of robots in industry, undersea operations, construction, and elsewhere.
robotic perception, real-time, three-dimensional, tracking, docking

Project Title:

Sensor-Based Whole-Arm Obstacle Avoidance for Redundant Robot Arm Manipulators

05.04-7828
901588
Sensor-Based Whole-Arm Obstacle Avoidance for Redundant Robot Arm Manipulators

Abstract:

This project addresses an experimental system for the purpose of investigating issues
in sensor-based obstacle avoidance for redundant degree-of-freedom robot arm manipulators.
The experimental system consists of a planar, three degree-of-freedom, redundant,
robot arm manipulator. The perimeter of the robot arm is covered by a linear array
of proximity sensors. The assembled computer system will allow the incorporation
of robotic motion planning algorithms to guide the robot arm around its environment
without colliding into the obstacles.
Potential applications include on-orbit or earth-bound processing of satellite payloads
or use of robot arms in hazardous or hostile environments such as underground mining,
undersea exploration, or in factory workcell. Other applications would be:  industrial
robots, aids for the blind, special purpose tools, and on prototype robots in universities
and research labs.
telerobotics, sensor skin, motion planning, redundant DOF, obstacle avoidance

Project Title:

Robot Fault-tolerant Feedback System

05.04-9570A
901626
Robot Fault-tolerant Feedback System

Abstract:

Robotic systems which are capable of safe and reliable performance for long periods
of time must be able to detect feedback transducer faults and continue to  operate
without damage to payloads and objects in the workspace. This project aims to develop
a method of quickly detecting errors in the torque, velocity, and position feedback
and providing a means to continue operation with some degradation of performance
through the utilization of the unaffected feedback transducers. Through differentiation
and integration of the feedback signals and utilization of the motor current and
BEMF voltage, close approximations of the actual feedback signals can be generated.
Such a system would significantly improve the safety and reliability of the robot
system as well as reduce the need for redundancy which complicates the mechanical
design and increases the wiring harness size.
The benefits of this project would be in the safety and reliability of industrial
robots, application of robots into areas in which they are considered to be dangerous,
troubleshooting of robot systems, and allowing people to work near manipulators.
robot, telerobot, fault-tolerant, feedback, safety, reliability

Project Title:

Neural Networks to Monitor Space Station Distributed Systems

05.05-2806
901658
Neural Networks to Monitor Space Station Distributed Systems

Abstract:

Neural networks will be applied to monitor distributed systems on space station,
with the eventual goal of developing hybrid neural network, expert system, and conventional
software systems to monitor and control complicated systems. The Phase I effort will
concentrate on using a network to monitor one distributed system and differentiate
between normal and abnormal operating conditions and on analyzing the trained network
to derive its strategies. The Central Thermal Bus will be simulated and the resulting
model will provide simulated sensor data for network training and testing. Normal
operating conditions will be simulated, as well as specific system failures. Several
networks will be trained using various transforms of sensor input and the best network
selected for analysis. Direct observation, and calculation of the response of each
node in the network to various input patterns will be used to derive network strategies.
The successful techniques for monitoring complicated systems can be extended to be
distributed systems in space with human-like intelligence. Further applications abound
in process control and military systems.
A system composed of neural networks, expert systems, and conventional software will
be capable of human-like performance in monitoring and controlling complex systems
and will have wide commercial application.
neural networks, artificial intelligence, distributed systems, sensor monitoring

Project Title:

A Hybrid Neural Network/Expert System Environment

05.05-3474
901433
A Hybrid Neural Network/Expert System Environment

Abstract:

The integration of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and knowledge-based expert systems
is an ideal step in the development of intelligent systems. In general, the two methods
complement each other such that ANNs provide 'soft' constraints while expert systems
allow 'hard' constraints. Specifically, ANNs perform nonlinear functions, pattern
recognition, fault tolerance, and parallel processing while expert systems involve
language processing, formal logic, and rule interpretation. The hybrid combination
of ANNs and expert systems will facilitate the automation of various Space Station
applications, while providing unsupervised adaptability and real-time functionality.
This project will identify and develop a baseline architecture and requirements specification
for the integration of neural networks and expert systems to form a hybrid software
environment. Additionally, strategies for the implementation of intelligent systems
within the hybrid environment will be investigated for Space Station control and
sensor monitoring applications.
The commercial application hybrid neural network/expert system software environment
would be in aerospace, electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering. In particular,
the hybrid software environment would be by aerospace prime and subcontractors and
government and university research laboratories.
neural networks, expert systems, hybrid environment, intelligent control

Project Title:

MetaAgents: A Framework for Intelligent Distributed Systems

05.05-3635
901084
MetaAgents:  A Framework for Intelligent Distributed Systems

Abstract:

An intelligent distributed system presents significant integration and concurrency
control problems. However, the tools that are currently available for distributed
systems development in the areas of heterogeneous system integration and multiple
process control are inadequate. An application that requires multiple process coordination
and control requires intractably complex management of paired process sessions using
these methods. This project focuses on the development of a framework which provides
both a high-level representation and alternative distributed control models by which
fault-tolerant intelligent systems can access information and resources in a distributed
heterogeneous environment. The basis of the framework interface will be an explicit
object-oriented representation of both the datatypes and operations of the distributed
system models, services and resources. This key innovation is a requirement for highly
adaptive, intelligent information systems as the distributed environment can be represented
in terms of explicit, changeable descriptions. Additional key components of this
framework are in the area of distributed control models:  reduction of resource contention
through group based replicated service; distributed, reliable, group based reconfiguration
and resource allocation mechanisms; and an uniform interface across heterogeneous
environment.
Market segments that require intelligent heterogeneous distributed systems include
operations support, command and control, and concurrent engineering information systems.
distributed artificial, intelligence, fault tolerance, object-oriented languages,
software development tools

Project Title:

Diagnostic Control by Means of Model Based Reasoning

05.05-9090
901586
Diagnostic Control by Means of Model Based Reasoning

Abstract:

Intelligent control systems are required for enhanced process control, automated
diagnosis and repair functions. The goal is to increase Space Station reliability
and automation for long duration missions through use of model-based reasoning techniques
(MBR) as the basis for intelligent control systems. MBR has significant advantages
over rule-based approaches:  application development requires no a priori knowledge
about failure modes; the initially deployed system will be capable of handling a
much wider range of malfunctions; no knowledge engineering of human experts is required;
the software development and maintenance time and efforts are less; application validation
is much more thorough; and MBR modules may be easily reused for other applications.
The objectives of the Phase I are to demonstrate these capabilities by proof-of-concept
software evaluations and to design the Phase 2 Pilot application. A proven MBR tool
developed out of research at the MIT AI Laboratory will be used as the basis of the
intelligent control proof-of-concept system.
Commercial applications include self monitoring and self maintaining systems for
nuclear and other process plants, air-craft, large computer systems, and other complex
systems.
model based reasoning; self maintaining systems; intelligent control systems; model
based control

Project Title:

A Close-Up Fiber Optic Remote Viewing System for Robotic and Teleoperated Systems

05.06-0815O
901112
A Close-Up Fiber Optic Remote Viewing System for Robotic and Teleoperated Systems

Abstract:

Physical access within confined spaces in limit spacecraft is the ability of teleoperated
manipulators/robots operators to observe work activities. Viewing is often obscured
at the end effector work envelope due to the relative inflexibility of positioning
closed circuit TV cameras and lighting on the robot. This Phase I project will assess
the feasibility of and develop a preliminary design for a remotely operated interchangeable
fiberoptic viewing system which can be incorporated into a manipulator's end effector
for use with end-of-arm tooling or conducting remote inspection of internal structures.
The system would employ an innovatively designed remotely engageable connector which
would be attached to the manipulator's end effector. Manipulator mounted CCTV Cameras
and lights would connect via coherent fiberoptic cables to the remote connector.
A mating connector, fiberoptic cables, and a miniature lens system would be incorporated
into task specific end-of-arm tooling for unobstructed, close-in operator viewing
of a work task tool used with the manipulator. This concept allows interchangeable
remote tools to have self contained remote viewing strategically integrated for optimal
work efficiency and enhanced operator viewing.
Commercial application would include deployment on underwater robotic vehicles, military
remote systems, space platform manipulators, and nuclear facility remote/robotic
systems.
fiberoptic, remote, viewing, robotic, teleoperated

Project Title:

Intelligent Robot/Sensor Operations Planning Systems

05.06-2567
900409
Intelligent Robot/Sensor Operations Planning Systems

Abstract:

A telerobot/sensor planning system will be developed by combining mature vision-based
guidance technology, standardized robotic platform interfaces, and an interactive
robot planning system integrated into a graphical robotic visualization system. To
support advanced robotic servicing operated from the ground (through time delays
and bandwidth limitations), this technology will accommodate rapid servicer re-planning
and mission modification due to the variability of on-orbit tasks. An improved sensor/robot
programming environment will significantly extend the current ground-based technology
in robots. The approach begins with incorporating CAD-based computer vision into
a standardized robotic command and control structure (e.g. NASREM-like). Then standardized
simulation modules with equivalent function to the standardized robotic and sensor
processing subsystems will be implemented and used (in Phase II) by an AI planning
environment (and connect to a conventional graphics system). This effort should integrate
gracefully with other supervised telerobotic server testbed development work at JPL
(especially since the first task elements would demonstrate geometrical model-driven
vision components on a VME compatible platform, driving standard robots like JPL's
PUMAs.
This development could facilitate more dynamic utilization of robots in space, material
handling, hazardous materials, and manufacturing applications.
visualization, CAD-based robotics, CAD-based computer vision, object-oriented programming,
sensorized robotics, robotic planning

Project Title:

Magnetic Bearings to Eliminate Stiction and Reduce Vibrations in Reaction/Momentum

05.07-0540A
901030
Magnetic Bearings to Eliminate Stiction and Reduce Vibrations in Reaction/Momentum

Abstract:

Wheels
This project address means to improve the operational performance and life time of
existing reaction and momentum wheels assemblies on spacecraft. Instrumentation carried
on spacecraft is becoming ever more sensitive and intolerant to vibrations caused
by mass unbalance on reaction/momentum wheels. Resonant structural modes of the spacecraft
can cause unexpected amplification of the vibrations leading to serious degradation
in instrument performance. Stiction in the ball bearings of reaction wheels is an
even more serious problem on extended missions. Stiction in the bearings has been
serious enough to completely disable some of the GPS satellites. Use of magnetic
bearings eliminates stiction and allows active control such that forces generated
by the mass unbalance can be minimized. Both vibration and stiction issues are addressed
below and a Phase I program outlined for designing magnetic bearings and a controller
which will eliminate stiction and minimize vibrations in reaction/momentum wheels.
A Phase II program will be targeted for prototype development and eventually flight
testing.
Methods for eliminating stiction and minimizing vibrations are applicable to all
rotating machines, space based or otherwise, and, hence, this project will benefit
a large spectrum of applications.
stiction elimination, vibrations, reduction, magnetic bearings, momentum wheels

Project Title:

Extended Tactile Sensing for Dextrous Robotic Hands

05.08-0559A
901548
Extended Tactile Sensing for Dextrous Robotic Hands

Abstract:

A number of dextrous robotic hands have been developed for manipulation research,
and serve as precursors to devices planned for unstructured orbital environments.
Typically, these hands incorporate position and torque sensing at the joints but
lack any cutaneous sense of touch. Since localized contact information is essential
for precise manipulations, researchers have investigated a variety of tactile sensing
technologies, but no systems have emerged that embody the geometry, reliability,
or sensory coverage that is required for a fully comprehensive sense of touch. This
project will conduct an effort that will lead to a comprehensive, reliable sense
of touch for dextrous hands. It will focus on developing a complete and robust system
rather than simply devising a transducer array. Phase I will deliver a detailed design
to NASA that will serve as a blueprint for Phase II construction of the system. Although
the system will initially be designed for the Utah/MIT Dextrous Hand, it can be adapted
to other hands in later phases.
A full tactile sensing system would be a significant contribution to machine manipulation
technology. Long term applications include extended tactile sensing for complex robotic
systems, such as those found in space, underwater, and hazardous terrestrial environments.
tactile sensing, dextrous manipulation, distributed sensing, robotics, teleoperation

Project Title:

Development of an Exoskeleton Arm Master for Robot Control

05.08-2075
901311
Development of an Exoskeleton Arm Master for Robot Control

Abstract:

In this project, a master will be developed which consist of a 20-degree-of-freedom
hand, a 2-degree-of-freedom wrist, and a 5-degree-of-freedom arm. This device will
allow a human to control a dexterous robot in a master slave or teach-playback mode
to assist in developing autonomous robotic manipulation strategies. The work will
integrate two existing products, the Dexterous Hand Master (DHM) and the GripMaster
(GM) with an arm exoskeleton to be developed during this project. The arm exoskeleton
will incorporate sensing and mechanical elements similar to that used in the DHM
and GM. Existing DHM and GM electronics and software will be modified to accommodate
the complete system. In NASA applications the resulting system will provide a natural
method for a crewperson in zero-g to control a multi-degree of freedom dexterous
robot with minimal restraints. The technology will also be applicable to medial measurement
problems including diagnosis and treatment of injuries from repetitive motions and
sports. A reduced degree of freedom version will also be used in determining the
sources of cumulative trauma disorders in workers and in designing task and tools
to prevent these injuries in the future.
The proposed innovation has direct applications in control of dexterous robots for
space, military and industrial environments. In addition, the technology will provide
spin-off products in medial measurement and rehabilitation.
master controller, exoskeleton, robotics, teleoperation

Project Title:

Design of an Integrated Arm/Wrist/Hand System for Whole-Arm Manipulation

05.08-7730
901349
Design of an Integrated Arm/Wrist/Hand System for Whole-Arm Manipulation

Abstract:

This project will design a complete, integrated robotic arm/wrist/hand system. The
components of this design will be properly matched to maximize the overall system
performance. The integrated design will be consistent with the durability, low-bulk,
and high-performance requirements of whole-arm manipulation (WAM) by adapting mechanical-transmission
technologies newly invented for whole-arm manipulation. The resulting integrated
design will feature a slightly modified version of the WAM arm, a three-degree-of-freedom
wrist with a cabled differential and a simple, light-weight hand. As part of the
Phase II project, a light-weight prototype will be built and integrated with a WAM
arm and wrist for testing and performance evaluation. High-performance robot arms,
when combined with whole-arm manipulation, will be the enabling technology for a
large repertoire of new tasks:  laying up composite tapes, exploring underwater terrain,
aiding ecological restoration programs, and operating in hostile environments.
WAM, whole-arm manipulation, cables, EVA, robot, manipulator, transmission, Moon/Mars

Project Title:

Self-Contained Miniature Dexterous Hand

05.09-0402
901063
Self-Contained Miniature Dexterous Hand

Abstract:

This will investigate the feasibility of a miniature robotic dexterous hand which
would aid in the efficient automation of scientific experiments on board Space Station.
The innovative feature of the dexterous hand is a small but powerful piezoelectric
motor built into the finger joint to provide finger actuation. The dexterous hand
to be constructed in Phase II would have the following features:  small size--to
fit into confined spaces; low mass--to conserve robot payload; energy-efficiency--low
power usage and less heat rejection problems; very simple motor construction--reliable
and inexpensive; self-contained actuators--simple mechanical interface facilitates
change-out of fingers; ample space left in the fingers--to accommodate sensors, leads,
and electronics; with loss of power the fingers go limp--to facilitate extrication
from cavities without damaging surrounding objects; extensive tactile sensing capability--to
allow adaptive grasping and dexterous manipulation. The dexterous hand system resulting
from this project will have applications:  automated manufacturing, prosthetics,
laboratory studies in dexterous manipulation and grasping, aids to the handicapped,
service industry robots, and telerobotic and autonomous robotics in hazardous areas.
robotics, dexterous hand, piezoelectric motors

Project Title:

Centerline Imaging Module for End Effectors

05.09-0718
901344
Centerline Imaging Module for End Effectors

Abstract:

The purpose of this project is to develop a true centerline imaging module for use
with external grasping end effectors. It will design a centerline imaging system
for external grasping end effectors, fabricate a prototype of the centerline imaging
module, and participate in the testing of the system at NASA-MSFC. The need for this
type of imaging system was identified during the course of a previous study to develop
inflatable end effectors for handling delicate composite structural components. Since
the firm has designed and fabricated an external grasping end effector currently
in use at NASA in conjunction with the P-FMA at MSFC, this unit will be used to evaluate
the centerline imaging module in order to minimize cost of the project.
Commercial applications of this research are nearly as numerous as applications for
teleoperator systems. The enhanced visual reference of a true centerline imaging
system will greatly improve manually directed operations in all fields of teleoperation:
 military systems, space construction and assembly, satellite servicing, marine exploration,
and salavage operations, etc.
imaging system, centerline position, for external grasping end effectors

Project Title:

Robotic Guidance Systems Using Specialized and Generalized Targets

05.09-2567
901781
Robotic Guidance Systems Using Specialized and Generalized Targets

Abstract:

Robotic guidance requires sensing and control in three dimensions. This can be accomplished
through the use of external sensors which measure robot location relative to target
object locations. A robot guidance system will be developed based on hybrid laser
illumination and video sensors which can use both simplified targets for object location
and identification, and more complex three-dimensional geometrical feature-based
recognition schemes as well (at the cost of greater computational complexity). Many
designed objects like ORUs, tools tailored for robotic use, and satellite docking
fixtures can easily incorporate docking targets and object coding tags (like bar
codes). These recognition "fixtures" offer the advantage of rapid reliable recognition
(even in a vision system that can handle more complex recognition tasks) and are
analogous to specially designed grapple points which offer easy sure robotic grip
points. While designed targets are good for manipulation and recognition of designed
objects, untagged geometrical feature-based recognition and measurement must be supported
as well. This requirement is necessary for grasping untagged objects, manipulating
damaged objects, or aligning objects so that particular features (such as holes,
sides, corners, etc.) mate properly.
Space, industrial, and military applications of autonomous robotics would be cost
effective through use of more robust vision guidance systems and object tagging schemes
that support sensorized robot pick and place.
CAD-based computer vision, object identification/location sensorized robotics, bar
codes, holograms, computer vision

Project Title:

Virtual Reality User-interface for Actualizing a Robot (VIRTUAL-ROBOT) System

05.09-8500A
901061
Virtual Reality User-interface for Actualizing a Robot (VIRTUAL-ROBOT) System

Abstract:

Time-delays and limited sensory feedback of remote telerobotic systems tend to disorient
teleoperators and dramatically decrease the operator's performance. To eliminate
these effects, a virtual reality user-interface for actualizing a robot (VIRTUAL-ROBOT)
System will be designed. The VIRTUAL-ROBOT System will totally immerse the operator
in a simulation of the remote telerobotic environment and will intercept operator
commands and provide instantaneous graphical simulation of the effect of the command
on the telerobot, while relaying the command to the remote telerobot. The system
will ensure the integrity of the simulation by using visual updates from the remote
environment to correct the simulated environment, if discrepancies between the simulated
and remote environment occur.
The telerobotic simulator will allow significantly more realistic and more understandable
simulations of remote telerobots to be performed. This type of system would greatly
benefit ground-based telerobotic operations and telerobotic operations used to remove
hazardous waste from remote sites.
telerobotics, simulation, virtual reality, heads-on display, magic glove, virtual
worlds

Project Title:

Interactive and Adaptive Grid Quality Assessment

06.01-1732
901944
Interactive and Adaptive Grid Quality Assessment

Abstract:

Numerical grid generation represents the critical link that connects numerical partial
differential equation solvers with real world computational simulations. For aerospace
applications, the consideration is for vehicles with complex geometric configurations
and solution behavior. Block-structured grids have been recognized as an effective
tool for such considerations. However, little has been done to assess the quality
of the generated grids. In this project, the feasibility of effective grid quality
assessment will be established through the creation of measurement techniques and
a prototype code. The prototype code would be a deliverable item and would provide
the foundation upon which a number of grid diagnostic tools would arise from subsequent
Phase II efforts. The prototype code would present interactive graphical displays
of grid quality objects simultaneously with the grid and the control net through
which local grid manipulations would transpire. With the manipulations available
for local corrective actions in response to quality indicators, the user would be
able to perform interactively adaptive grid cycles; in effect, this would represent
a form of interactive CFD. The execution of these latter actions would require a
rapid networking between the supercomputer and the workstation. Altogether, the grid
diagnostic capability would lead to improved numerical simulations.
Software tools offering grid diagnostic capability and enhanced adaptive strategies
will help engineers and scientists to analyze increasingly complex designs of present
and future aerospace systems with improved reliability and efficiency.
interactive, adaptive, grid, quality, measures, fluids, networking, computers

Project Title:

Three-Dimensional Postprocessing for Computational Fluid Dynamics

06.01-3304
900724
Three-Dimensional Postprocessing for Computational Fluid Dynamics

Abstract:

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods generate vast amounts of numerical data
that must be displayed graphically for use. Current graphical computer software programs
are limited to displaying data only on lines or surfaces defined in the computational
grid. Users of CFD software desire to display CFD data on arbitrary surfaces that
may not conform with the computational grid. A software program will be developed
that allows users to display CFD data on arbitrary user-defined surfaces. This program
will be based upon the company's existing interactive plotting software called TECPLOT.
It will work with data defined in multi-block finite-difference or finite-element
computational grids.
The resulting software program will be of great value to the aerospace industry and
to the U.S. Air Force.
visualization, computational fluid dynamics, graphics, fluid flow

Project Title:

CASE-Based Timing Assessment Tool

06.02-4242
900338
CASE-Based Timing Assessment Tool

Abstract:

The most critical deficiency with CASE products as applied to time-critical software
design is their inability to adequately support the trade-off process involving timing
and performance issues. Only a few of the so-called real-time tools support the allocation
and budgeting of timing requirements. None of the CASE tools available today provide
the user with estimates of delivered timing which are derived from the system design
and workload factors. Quantitative feedback regarding the impact of software design
decisions on system timing is critical to system success, since virtually every step
in the design process can have an effect on performance. This project addresses a
solution to this deficiency by integration of state-of-the-art performance modeling
techniques with CASE tool software design models. The technical objectives of Phase
I include the formalization of a stimulus-response (S-R) diagram representation which
is able to support detailed timing simulations and the determination of compatibility
between S-R representation and state transition based design representations. State-transition-based
design representations (Ward and Mellor, Hatley, ESML, StateCharts, etc.) are being
specifically targeted because of their predominance in the CASE user community.
A portable CASE-based timing assessment tool would provide a timely and cost-effective
facility for conducting simulations of dynamic response time behavior and enable
developers greater visibility into software design trade-offs affecting system performance.
A wide range of commercial applications are foreseen as real-time CASE usage increased
in the commercial sector.
CASE, time-critical software, performance evaluation

Project Title:

A General Purpose Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis Package

06.02-5500
901163
A General Purpose Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis Package

Abstract:

Nonlinear structural analysis of large-scale dynamics problems currently can be solved
with only cumbersome, complex codes and their attendant long computer run times.
However, a very significant percentage of the required problem solutions can be solved
with a much simpler, more efficient methodology. To that end, the work undertaken
for this project will develop and implement a general-purpose computer code for the
transient solution of coupled structures with linear and nonlinear physical connections.
Common problems such as STS/payload trunnion friction effects, booster/launch stand
interaction at liftoff, pin-puller gap effects, excitation by stepper motors, and
so forth, will be amenable to this approach. The resulting code will be simple to
use in the aerospace dynamics community, and greatly reduce user input and computer
run times. In addition, solutions will be available on the non-super mainframe machines,
such as MicroVAXs and even PCs.
Software developed in this project will efficiently and cheaply solve a great many
of the nonlinear flexible dynamics problems occurring in the aerospace community
and in other industries such as automotive, high-speed rail, reciprocating machinery,
etc.
software, nonlinear, dynamics, analysis, structures

Project Title:

Creation of a NASA Specification to Executable Programs (NASA/STEP) Capability

06.02-5700
901116
Creation of a NASA Specification to Executable Programs (NASA/STEP) Capability

Abstract:

Support for software development within the system engineering process is a widely
recognized problem. The goal of this project is to deliver a NASA domain-specific
specification-to-executable-programs (NASA/STEP) capability by spring-boarding from
the evolving Strategic Defense Development System (SDDS). The SDDS capability currently
exists in ta prototype form but it is strongly oriented to the strategic defense
software domain. It automatically translates graphical models (specifications) into
third generation computer programming languages for test and verification. The graphical
models can be decomposed, analyzed, and evolved as the knowledge of the software
requirements and design evolve. Instrumentation of the models can enable test and
verification of the software during each iteration. The models may be displayed,
tested, or stored in their various levels, increasing human understanding, management
control, requirements analysis, and design specification as well as reusability of
the software. The Phase I objectives are to identify the specific requirements of
NASA as regards using the STEP technology to develop large-scale, complex software
systems. The Phase II effort would be to deliver a prototype NASA/STEP. The expected
benefit to NASA is an acquired technology and capability to more efficiently support
the space software systems life cycle.
Since the STEP approach to software development is not specific to either technical
or business applications, utilization of this approach to software development would
be of significant interest across the United States in many commercial markets.
graphics, models, prototypes, iteration, code generation, reusability, specifications
languages

Project Title:

An Intermediate Language for Formal Verification Tools

06.03-2020
900856
An Intermediate Language for Formal Verification Tools

Abstract:

This project will investigate an intermediate formal language for integrating formal
verification tools. Such a language would allow different tools such as theorem provers,
decision procedures, and formula generators to be used in the same environment either
through translating the various tools' formal languages into the intermediate language
and back or by using the intermediate language as an internal form which is shared
between tools. The ability to integrate different verification tools will significantly
enhance the usefulness of formal verification in developing reliable software. The
project objectives are to formulate a candidate intermediate formal language and
to define translation algorithms between the intermediate language and two existing
formal languages from different formal verification environments. The approach will
be to examine a collection of formal languages form existing formal verification
environments and formulate a candidate intermediate language which is expressive
enough to translate the existing languages into. It will then choose two existing
languages from different environments and define algorithms to translate them into
the intermediate language and back. This will demonstrate the feasibility of the
intermediate language for connecting different tools. The results will be a candidate
intermediate language and the translation algorithms.
Formal verification environments and tools integrated into existing software engineering
can be marketed as products in their own right or be used to produce high quality,
reliable software products.
formal verification tool integration intermediate language

Project Title:

A Testing Methodology for High Reliability Software

06.03-3474
901587
A Testing Methodology for High Reliability Software

Abstract:

Since software is a crucial component of current engineering systems, there is a
need for high reliability software in NASA programs. The use of formal software engineering
principles and CASE tools have yielded only modest progress in this area. The use
of redundant software components is not sufficiently developed to provide an efficient
alternative. A testing methodology will be developed that will produce high reliability
software by using interactive-proof-based correctness testing, enforced testing diversity,
and knowledge-based testing. This methodology is applicable to parallel software
as well. Recent redundant software experiments indicate that no single testing strategy
alone produces sufficient test cases to insure high reliability. Hence, a combination
of testing strategies is required for high reliability. Experimental research also
indicates that dynamic testing is inefficient in detecting failures which occur infrequently.
Knowledge-based static testing is more efficient. Oracles for asserting correctness
of high reliability software are difficult to build since their reliability must
exceed the software. The firm has developed a generalization of interactive proofs
which solve this problem. In the future, parallel architectures will be used for
critical software applications.
An integrated testing tool, general enough to use in testing any real-time, imbedded
applications for which high-reliability is a requirement, would apply to high-availability
systems such as tactical systems, commercial transaction processing, and aerospace
applications. This will fill the urgent need for testing of parallel software as
well.
high reliability software, interactive proofs, testing diversity

Project Title:

Decision-Theoretic Control of Artificial Intelligence Scheduling Systems

06.04-5810
900219
Decision-Theoretic Control of Artificial Intelligence Scheduling Systems

Abstract:

A prototype decision-theoretic scheduler (DTS) will be developed that employs state-of-the-art
probabilistic inference technology to speed the search for efficient solutions to
constraint-satisfaction problems. The approach involves assessing the performance
of heuristic control strategies that are normally hard-coded into scheduling systems
and using probabilistic inference to aggregate this information in light of features
of a given problem. The company recently introduced a similar approach to solving
single-agent graph search problems that yielded orders-of-magnitude improvement over
traditional search algorithms on a classical test domain. Recent work in the constraint-satisfaction
community suggests that this advantage may be even more dramatic when applied to
typical scheduling problems. In addition, DTS promises to provide a richer framework
for human scheduling experts to express declaratively conflicting multi-attribute
objectives which their schedules must satisfy.
The scheduling of multiple tasks which compete for scarce resources is an important
and ubiquitous problem in scientific, industrial, and military domains. A general-purpose
interactive scheduling assistant and subroutine library for use in artificial intelligence
systems will be marketed.
artificial intelligence, constraint-satisfaction, scheduling, search

Project Title:

Language Engineering in Speech Recognition

06.05-0885
901432
Language Engineering in Speech Recognition

Abstract:

Speech recognition technology can be used to interact with a computer by speaking
to it. Continuous speech and large vocabularies create the need for a  "language
model" to resolve words and phrases that sound alike. In some applications, it is
necessary to "engineer" a language to deal with the computer, a language which is
a part of English, but does not make the largely impractical assumption that the
system will be able to deal with unconstrained English. This project will develop
tools which make it easier to do such language engineering. The resulting language,
having a formal definition, can be readily interpreted by expert systems or other
computer applications. Truly useful speech recognition applications can be practically
developed, creating new freedom and power in the use of computers or in the control
of machines. In particular, the approach involves designing and implementing a "gated
graph" approach which will simplify the process of creating the language model. The
gated graph will allow condition of language like matching singular and plural cases
to be handled more efficiently in developing and maintaining a language model. The
result will be compatible with the company's commercial speech recognition system.
Commercial and government use of speech recognition will appear in areas such as
medical transcription, training, interaction with expert systems, voice control of
equipment, and database access.
speech recognition, knowledge engineering, expert systems, language engineering

Project Title:

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Mission Planning and Flight Control

06.05-1010
900841
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Mission Planning and Flight Control

Abstract:

The fuzzy cognitive map, a neural network approach to knowledge representation, has
several characteristics which make it highly attractive for use in planning and control
tasks:  ease of combining knowledge acquired from various sources; a capacity for
adaptive refinement through supervised and unsupervised learning; and an ability
to make very high speed inferences in both routine and novel situations. This project
will assess the potential of the fuzzy cognitive map as a principal form of knowledge
representation in planning and control systems. In such systems fuzzy cognitive maps
could assume some of the functions currently handled by human experts, assuring faster,
more consistent response. Phase I will consist of an analysis of the fuzzy cognitive
man as applied to planning and control, a comparison to other AI techniques, particularly
expert systems, and a proof-of-concept demonstration centered on a selected problem
area.
Potential commercial applications include such areas as smart robotic control, reactor
and plant control, and automated manufacturing.
fuzzy cognitive maps, control, neural networks, expert systems

Project Title:

Real-Time Expert Systems

06.05-1986
902097
Real-Time Expert Systems

Abstract:

This project will develop a guaranteed-performance, hard, real-time expert system
for eventual support of real-time mission planning and control in support of flight
operations of the Shuttle Orbiters and the Space Station Freedom. The objectives
are:  to determine the feasibility of using an innovative scheduler, in combination
with an approximate reasoning technique, as a means to schedule expert system rule
processing in a way which guarantees a hard real-time response time from an expert
system; to determine which approximate reasoning technique, progressive deepening,
progressive reasoning, time-constrained inference, or other is most appropriate to
use with the scheduler; and to develop a design for a real-time planner for Shuttle
Orbiter and Space Station Freedom orbital docking procedures as a domain in which
to study possible performance improvements. The project will determine an improved
method for "scheduling" the order of processing rules and facts in response to a
real-time input and apply innovative management of the (usually) limited computing
resources in embedded applications.
The commercial applications of this research covers a wide range from factory robotics
to aircraft and automobile collision avoidance systems.
real-time expert systems, hard real-time systems, shuttle/SSF docking approximate
reasoning

Project Title:

Digital Video Interactive Based Intelligent Computer-Assisted Training/Mission Planning

06.05-3550
901576
Digital Video Interactive Based Intelligent Computer-Assisted Training/Mission Planning

Abstract:

System
A prototype, digital, video-interactive-based intelligent computer-assisted training
system (DVI-ICAT) or mission planning system will be developed. The system will serve
as both a launching point for further Phase II work on the system and as a demonstration
to NASA/JSC of the capabilities and potential applications of DVI to training and
mission planning. This system will use DVI technology to present the trainee/mission
planner with a series of highly realistic interactive simulations of the subject
area. The system makes extensive use of the unique multi-media presentation capabilities
offered by DVI, including full-motion color video, high resolution still imagery,
three-dimensional graphics, and multiple channels of audio. The intelligent tutoring
component will be integrated into the simulation, and will include dynamic models
of the trainee, expert, and tutor. The user interface will be supported by writing
extensions to the DVI software library and building upon current work already underway
at the firm in the area of DVI-ICAT. The ITS structures and knowledge bases will
be built using object-oriented design methodologies and commercially-available expert
system development tools.
Systems which can provide simulations and intelligent autonomy stand to greatly reduce
overall costs due to the resulting reduction in human trainer costs. DVI should fill
a void that exists between costly high-fidelity training systems and low-fidelity
PC-based systems. The multi-media capabilities of DVI systems will provide a much-needed
answer to the complex technical challenges in the training & simulation industry.
intelligent-tutoring system, expert-systems, DVI, ICAT, digital-video-interactive,
multi-media, mission-planning, simulation

Project Title:

Interactive Three-Dimensional Flow Solver Software Project

06.06-5682
900817
Interactive Three-Dimensional Flow Solver Software Project

Abstract:

This project concerns the design of an interactive flow solver software technology.
The novel aspects include the development of a network-compatible software environment
for CFD, the focus on interactivity and real-time response, and the design of graphical
user interfaces for scientific computation. The project objective is to develop a
capability for interacting with a three-dimensional Euler solver in real-time. A
successful effort will establish the possibility of building interactive CFD software
for a CRAY-SGI-Ethernet-TCP/IP-UNIX-ARC3D combination.
The software produced from this effort, combined with interactive grid generation
software, will allow end users to significantly reduce the time spent in the CFD
design cycle and provide scientists with a common numerical laboratory for CFD.
interactive, three-dimensional, CFD, software

Project Title:

A Full-Resolution, Autostereoscopic Display with Hologram-like "Look Around" with

06.06-7450
901568
A Full-Resolution, Autostereoscopic Display with Hologram-like "Look Around" with

Abstract:

a Wide Viewing Zone
The plan for Phase I is to build a proof-of-concept model for a full-resolution,
autostereoscopic LCD display. It will use a super fast, ferroelectric LCD in combination
with innovative flat-panel, LCD-based autostereoscopic three-dimensional display
technology which requires no glasses. Two important features will be implemented:
 an expanded viewing zone and a "hologram-like look-around" capability. Both of these
functions will be realized by passive means, i.e. without tracking the position of
the observer's head. These improvements are important in the proposed application
of visualizing complex fluid flow phenomena and other scientific applications. They
will allow the viewing of images by several observers simultaneously, remove restrictions
on head movements, and for the first time, allow non-holographic, three-dimensional
imaging in which different views of the object or scene would be visible depending
on the perspective of observation.
The expansion of the viewing zone and the addition of the hologram-like "look-around"
capability are important to commercial applications of three-dimensional displays
in scientific visualization, mathematical and molecular modeling, geographic information
systems, photogrammetry, industrial inspection, CAD/CAM, architecture, medical imaging,
and others.
autostereoscopy, stereoscopic, three-dimensional, holographic, displays, LCD, imaging,
graphics

Project Title:

Time Warp Concurrency Control for Database Systems

06.07-8854
901280
Time Warp Concurrency Control for Database Systems

Abstract:

Multiprocessors are able to use optimistic-execution protocols such as time warp
for large scale, asynchronous applications. Lack of a working optimistic database
concurrency scheme based on the time warp concurrency scheme prevents optimistic
application systems from achieving a high degree of concurrency. This project provides
for a unified database caching and concurrency control algorithm base on the time
warp algorithm. First, a unified framework for both caching and concurrency control
for a database environment will be developed based on time warp. The basic time warp
paradigm will be modified, as required, to achieve the greatest possible concurrency.
Additionally, the paradigm will provide for nested transactions to allow the greatest
degree of concurrency possible within database transactions. To evaluate the proposed
algorithms, a discrete event simulation of the database concurrency scheme will be
modeled on a multiprocessor using the object-oriented language C++.
A successful development effort will provide optimistic-execution applications running
on multiprocessors, i.e., discrete-event simulations, a mechanism for rapid and efficient
processor access to data on very large databases stored on one or many mass storage
devices.
time warp, optimistic concurrency algorithms, database concurrency, control protocols,
discrete even simulation

Project Title:

Spacecraft Supercomputer

06.08-1700
900984
Spacecraft Supercomputer

Abstract:

This project will develop a spacecraft supercomputer (SSC) for future NASA missions.
The SSC has computational capabilities at least an order of magnitude greater than
current flight architectures. The SSC uses existing or emerging microprocessor technology
and a novel connectivity architecture to provide sufficient memory and communication
bandwidth resources for many spacecraft and payload requirements. The goal is to
demonstrate the prototype SSC in a realistic flight operations environment with minimal
risk and cost. This would be best accomplished as a flight experiment on a Hitchhiker
(HHG) class mission. The SSC's flexible architecture and use of extremely fast microprocessors
enables it to handle a wide range of computational problems such as onboard processing
of instrument data, data compression, and sensor and control system management. Phase
I effort will establish the feasibility of the preliminary design and will select
a proposed HHG class mission for the demonstration. Phase II work consists of completing
the detailed design, prototype fabrication, testing, and integration. The SSC can
provide increased computational capability for future NASA programs employing high-data-rate
instruments or large clusters of medium-rate instruments.
Potential commercial applications of the Spacecraft Supercomputer include manufacturing
process control, communication system management, medical research, and image processing.
supercomputer, architecture, microprocessors, hitchhiker, onboard, processing, data
compression

Project Title:

This Phase I effort will design a three-dimensional packaged Flight Supercomputer.

06.08-8211
901825
This Phase I effort will design a three-dimensional packaged Flight Supercomputer.

Abstract:

The supercomputer will be based on a parallel processing architecture with a programmable
topology that will allow optimum performance with a wide range of programs. The firm
will complete this preliminary design in accordance with specific spacecraft application
guidelines obtained from the sponsor; the result will be a demonstration recommendation
for the processing unit during Phase II. The Phase I analyses will establish system
requirements and constraints, and determine the feasibility of constructing a three-dimensional
processing module. The firm plans to complete performance predictions for the ultimate
system and a preliminary Phase II program plan. The firm also plans to develop preliminary
specifications for a Phase II breadboard demonstration of the Flight Supercomputer
that would include estimates of total electronics volume, weight, and power budgets
as a function of degree-of-processing power. Thermal issues will also be addressed.
Desktop and portable supercomputers.

Project Title:

Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Scheduling Shuttle Processing

06.09-1692B
901607
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Scheduling Shuttle Processing

Abstract:

An innovative combination of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to meet NASA's
scheduling needs for representation, schedule design and schedule analysis. AI knowledge
representations such as frames, semantic networks, and rules will be used for capturing
schedule components and constraints. Schedule design will be facilitated through
the use of similarity-based and constraint satisfaction techniques. NASA's schedule
analysis capabilities will be enhanced through the application of AI constraint-based
techniques, capture and implementation of heuristic analysis techniques and standard
graph negotiation techniques. The goals of the Phase I research are to define thoroughly
the mission planning domain, elaborate the artificial intelligence techniques useful
for automating the scheduling problem, prove the feasibility of these techniques,
and develop a complete system specification for an automated NASA shuttle and payload
processing scheduler. Phase I research and prototype development will lay the groundwork
for the Phase II implementation of an automated scheduling and analysis system.
Large-scale scheduling applications in the commercial sector could benefit from an
automated schedule design and analysis tool for manufacturing, deliver, construction,
and project scheduling.
artificial intelligence, scheduling, constraint-based analysis, similarity, intelligent
interface, knowledge representation

Project Title:

Integrating and Coordinating Intelligent Planning and Scheduling Tools

06.09-3633
900353
Integrating and Coordinating Intelligent Planning and Scheduling Tools

Abstract:

Current automated planning and scheduling tools are generally single-user, largely
"standalone" systems based on heterogeneous languages, development tools, and processing
platforms. Domain models (e.g. of tasks, resources, and constraints) are typically
incompatible across systems. Interfaces to users, databases, and other decision and
operations support tools tend to be custom-built and difficult to extend. The goal
of this effort is to design an innovative framework for non-intrusively integrating
and coordinating intelligent and conventional systems with one another and with multiple
users to support concurrent, distributed solution of large planning and scheduling
problems. The proposed effort will leverage previous work on advanced, object-oriented
tools for distributed communication, control, and information modeling. Uniform representational
models and mapping capabilities will be designed for transparently moving data, knowledge,
and control structures across disparate tools and information stores. Knowledge-based
cooperative control capabilities will be applied to manage access to work elements,
route tasks to suitable human or tool servers, and detect and help resolve inconsistencies
across elements of "Master" schedules or plans. These advanced integration and coordination
capabilities will enhance the quality and productivity of planning and scheduling
activities for Shuttle operations and other NASA missions.
Architectures for integrating and coordinating software systems for automating decision
and operations support have commercial applicability for manufacturing process control
and for communications, computer, power, and transportation networks.
cooperating intelligent systems, distributed systems, planning scheduling

Project Title:

Automated Operations and Maintenance Instructions System

06.09-4122
901650
Automated Operations and Maintenance Instructions System

Abstract:

Technical and management personnel at the Kennedy Space Center of NASA have a need
for an automated system for the management of Operations and Maintenance Instructions
(OMI) associated Shuttle Transport System (STS) ground processing. Currently, OMIs
are generated, used and maintained largely through a paper-driven process. AN innovative
system will be designed that would be capable of:  ingesting existing OMI text and
related data into an indexed archive of OMIs; fast retrieval of OMIs and display
of information tailored to various classes of users; and accepting electronic signature
input and verification of delivered OMI tasks. Such a system would integrate artificial
intelligence techniques, data base management, and hypermedia. The expected benefits
to NASA are reduced paper usage, increased productivity of technical personnel, and
greater assurance to management of the proper execution and sequencing of operational
and maintenance procedures.
An automated OMI System could be used to automate documented work instructions or
paper-based manuals, especially those for hazardous operations such as handling explosives,
chemicals or fuels. These applications exist in the commercial aerospace industry,
nuclear power industry, electronics and chemical manufacturing plants as well as
logistics branches within the military services and other government agencies.
artificial intelligence, hypertext, electronic signature, automated text processing

Project Title:

General Purpose, Optical, Vector-Matrix Multiplier

06.10-4176
901173
General Purpose, Optical, Vector-Matrix Multiplier

Abstract:

A general purpose, optical vector matrix multiplier will be devised for computation
of 256X256 element matrices times 256-element vectors at 8-bits precision in a time
frame less than 100 microseconds. This project will use an innovative architectural
approach that makes use of two 64-channel acousto-optic devices operating at several
hundred megahertz per channel in a tele-centrically imaged configuration. The use
of laser diode arrays, computer-optimized optical systems, multichannel gallium-phosphide
AO devices, and 128-channel hybrid avalanche photodiode arrays with processing electronics,
coupled with an innovative "systolic" data flow optimized for the hardware, allows
performance projections well within NASA's requirements. The machine architecture
is focused to the solution of simultaneous equations for the matrix-inverse problem.
Anticipated use is ultimately in a feedback control system to calibrate NASA multiple
256-element mirror arrays.
This multiplier can be applied in seismic signal processing, aerodynamic modeling,
and simulation of image processing.
Gauss Seidel, multichannel acousto-optic, vector-matrix, optical computing

Project Title:

Optimization of Large Structures in a Massively Parallel Environment

06.11-0700
901520
Optimization of Large Structures in a Massively Parallel Environment

Abstract:

This project will provide an innovative approach to design problems in structural
analysis through the efficient use of the Connection Machine and through new optimization
techniques for SIMD architectures. Project objectives will be to develop a super-efficient
general purpose, analytical/computational tool (computer code) on the massively parallel
CM-2 computer system. This tool can be used for methodology research as well as applications
in structural design analysis/optimization and can be extended to multi-level and/or
multi-disciplinary optimization. An existing efficient, general purpose, nonlinear
optimization code will be adapted, a massively parallel, finite-element analysis/reanalysis
procedure for large structures will be formulated. The end products will be several
efficient, massively parallel structural analysis/optimization algorithms and an
associated general purpose prototype computer code (or code system).
The massively parallel, structural analysis algorithms and an associated general
purpose CM-2 computer code or code system will be particularly useful in design analysis/optimization
of large (or small) aircraft and aerospace structures where minimum weight and/or
pointing accuracy design are of primary importance.
massively parallel, design analysis, optimization, large structures

Project Title:

Software for Multidisciplinary System Optimization

06.11-1123
901979
Software for Multidisciplinary System Optimization

Abstract:

A software product for planning and executing multidisciplinary analysis and synthesis
of complex engineering systems will be developed. The software is based on a network
decomposition theory, with strong consideration of the practical organizational constraints
on multidisciplinary system optimization. It includes parallel processing features
and an expert system for planning applications. The software is intended to be used
in all phase of system development, from preliminary planning through detailed system
optimization. The objective in Phase I is to demonstrate the feasibility of the decomposition
theory and the proposed innovative implementation. Several example problems will
be solved to prove feasibility and explore the characteristics of the approach.
The product would be used in government commercial applications requiring goal-directed
planning and development of complex technical systems including aviation, aerospace,
automotive, and defense systems, particularly for vehicle development projects.
system optimization, decomposition, multidisciplinary, multilevel, software, expert
system

Project Title:

A Spectro-Imager

07.01-0888
900537
A Spectro-Imager

Abstract:

This project will focus on the design and hardware development for a spectro-imager
to be developed and tested under Phase II. Processing of multispectral image information
will be performed in a two-dimensional parallel asynchronous mode by the spectro-imager.
In order to acquire and process the spectral information flowing to each separate
pixel in parallel, a new technological stratagem will be required. The approach will
be to use rather simple neuron-like transient sensing circuits coupled to each pixel.
These circuits will be optimized to respond at the frequency of a chopper in the
optical portion of the system. A computer controlled, circular, variable filter will
also be located in the optical portion of the system to permit the acquisition of
spectral information from multispectral, focal plane sensors. The spectral resolution
will be sufficient for geochemical imaging, planetary exploration, and other imaging
applications. Such applications will be explored in conjunction with the development
work.
Potential commercial benefits should include improved geological survey sensitivity
and resolution, enhanced multispectral target identification and discrimination,
and marked performance gains for ground, airborne, and space-based FLIR systems.
multispectral, focal-plane, image, parallel processing, detection

Project Title:

Focal Plane Image Compressions in the Charge Domain

07.01-9271A
901041
Focal Plane Image Compressions in the Charge Domain

Abstract:

This project addresses charge-domain image compression on a monolithic charge-coupled
device (CCD) detector. Such a device would have substantially reduced output bandwidth
compared to existing pixel-by-pixel readout systems. Since current image compression
algorithms can provide compression factors of greater than 10:1 with little visible
degradation, a charge domain compressor CCD could reduce system electronics mass
and power requirements by an order of magnitude without compromising image quality.
The objectives of this project are to devise an image compression algorithm that
can be implemented in the charge domain and to produce an electrical design for a
CCD that implements that compression algorithm and a block design for the system
that incorporates it. The effort will develop a software simulation of a charge domain
compressor, use the simulation to optimize the compressor performance, determine
the optimal partitioning between on-chip and off-chip, and estimate the power required
for such a system. Potential NASA uses for a charge-domain image compressor CCD include
minimizing electronics resource requirements for very high resolution (e.g. landing
site selection) and very small (e.g. rover and penetrator) planetary mission cameras.
Potential commercial applications for CCD charge-domain image compressors/detectors
include spaceflight imaging systems, electronic (i.e. non-film based) motion picture
systems, and consumer video cameras.
focal plane, image compressions, charge-domain

Project Title:

Application of EOFs to Multispectral Imagery Compression

07.02-6207
900030
Application of EOFs to Multispectral Imagery Compression

Abstract:

Increases in information bandwidth using communication channels of fixed physical
bandwidth is made possible by eliminating redundant information in the information
stream using data compression - decompression algorithms. Images and especially multispectral
or color images put the greatest strain on communications channels. A variety of
existing techniques, of varying maturity may be brought to bear on the problem of
image compression. Several of these techniques may be applied to multispectral images,
but they are less than optimal. The approach in this project first compresses the
data spectrally to derive orthogonal images with minimum bit depth. This technique
is adaptive and makes use of empirical orthogonal functions. After being spectrally
compressed, the data is further compressed using standard techniques, such as transform
coding, vector quantization, and DCPM. The efficiency of the loss schemes studied
will be assessed by standard statistical measures, as well as by considering the
effect of the compression on end user algorithms, such as cloud parameter extraction
and spectral feature identification.
High rates of data compression and, in particular, spectral compression, are important
for new and planned sensors with high spectral resolution and data rates.
data compression; image processing; multispectral; remote sensing

Project Title:

A Scientific Array Data Management System

07.02-7253
900181
A Scientific Array Data Management System

Abstract:

NASA maintains an extraordinary quantity of scientific data in multi-type n-dimensional
arrays. Examples can be found in NASA Climate Data System (NCDS) and Flexible Image
Transport System images. A significant problem is that no universal management system
exists for this data. This project will build a scientific array data management
system (SADMS). It will contain software tools to browse, query, obtain graphical
representations, and perform computations on data independent of its format. Tools
would be available at high level language, command and menu levels. System builders
can easily build their own applications using the tools provided. Users can use the
native front-end or supply their own. At its core SADMS uses the NASA developed Common
Data Format plus NCDS enhancements. SADMS will greatly reduce the development time
of new applications, resulting in significant cost savings to NASA. Existing technology
such as graphical display in NCDS could be used as is. SADMS provides a flexible
universal access tool for all scientific array data. Phase I includes the design
of SADMS, creation of a subsystem prototype, and a demonstration of how SADMS can
support the construction of applications on typical data. Phase II would involve
the full implementation of the SADMS.
The Scientific Array Data Management System will appeal to the scientific community
in business, academia and government--anyone with large amounts of scientific data.
FITS, CDF, array data, management system

Project Title:

An Integrated GIS and Statistical Data Analysis System

07.04-8707
900645
An Integrated GIS and Statistical Data Analysis System

Abstract:

An integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and interactive statistical language
and system (ISLS) will be developed. The current analytic capability of GIS systems
falls short of allowing end users adequate tools for an in-depth understanding of
their data through the analytical tools of modern graphical data analysis and statistical
inference of multidimensional data. This project addresses the need for greatly increasing
the analytical capability of GIS technology. It will also address the issue of efficient
conversion of data structures as an essential ingredient of an integrated GIS/ISLS.
The project objectives include the development of a fully functioning prototype integrated
GIS/ISLS, including an initial basic set of graphical data analysis and statistical
methods for multivariate data, accessible via user-friendly interface based on the
X Windows System and Motif. These efforts will focus on the use of GRASS and S-PLUS
as the basic building blocks for the integrated GIS/ISLS. In particular, they will
focus on developing the necessary software modifications for running GRASS from S-PLUS,
and allowing efficient data conversion from GRASS to S-PLUS and conversely.
Statistical and graphical data analysis capabilities will be useful to NASA, other
government agencies, and commercial organizations who are concerned with GIS data.
GIS, Graphical data analysis statistical analysis

Project Title:

The aim of this project is to design a new module for the firm's raster-based Image

07.04-9000
901482
The aim of this project is to design a new module for the firm's raster-based Image

Abstract:

Processing and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The concept will be
used to enhance standard digital vector land-use maps using a knowledge-based expert
system that accesses available GIS data sources, such as satellite imaging, topographic
data, soil data, and hydrology. The focus will be on an interface to an existing
expert-system shell. The intention is to build on previous studies with rule-based
land-use classification. The knowledge-based module will query the user about the
rules decision, store and modify the decision rules, and write the macro needed to
decide the final land-use classification. The innovation of the program will be to
enhance today's image-processing techniques in cases where the land-use classification
will be determined by a polygon-specific, and not pixel-specific, classifier. The
module will rely on spatial rasters and auxiliary data to duplicate products now
produced by traditional airphoto interpretation. The classification rules will be
developed using the firm's raster-based GIS.
Classified satellite imagery may be put into a GIS database fast and with less reliance
on scientific understanding of spectral analysis. This innovation will significantly
reduce the time and effort spent putting land-use data into a digital database and
increase the analytic capability of GIS technology.

Project Title:

The Display and Analysis of Variable Resolution Spatial Data in a GIS Environment

07.05-1813
902055
The Display and Analysis of Variable Resolution Spatial Data in a GIS Environment

Abstract:

The establishment of resolution independence is the foundation of an integrated,
format independent, GIS processing environment. Resolution independence is a condition
in which raster data of any pixel dimension coexisting with (theoretically) "dimension
free" points and lines may be stored and processed in a GIS environment. It removes
the requirements for physical resampling and data file integration processes which
contribute to unmanageable system overheads for storage and processing in large scale
spatial analysis projects. Phase I will establish the feasibility of resolution independent
processing and examine its implications for data base management, mixed data type
processing (raster and vector), and input-storage-output operations (hardware). The
results would be applied to a Phase II effort directed toward a system level integration
of resolution independent raster, vector, and attribute data processing in a GIS
context.
Software design innovations will provide the foundation of a technical and competitive
advantage for commercial GIS products used in large scale resource exploration and
management projects.
unique computer systems development, image analysis software development, data systems,
GIS

Project Title:

Novel Optical Interconnect Topologies for Digital Multi-Processors

07.06-0760
900802
Novel Optical Interconnect Topologies for Digital Multi-Processors

Abstract:

In this project, a novel optical interconnect topology for a digital multi-processor
environment will be implemented. The optical interconnect topology promises to relieve
problems existing in the present electronic and optical interconnect networks for
the single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) computer architecture. For an interconnect
among all processing elements (PEs), this unexplored optical interconnect topology
promises several important advantages over the conventional rectangular array topology,
such as the use of space-invariant optical elements, identical interconnect latency,
and network reconfigurability.
This opto-electronic interconnect topology has potential for improving the interconnect
efficiency for digital computing and for various signal processing applications such
as FFT hardware implementations. Other important applications include neural-networks,
vision and artificial intelligence.
optical ring interconnect, optical exicons, dove prisms, nearest-neighbor, PM2I,
chordalring, hyper-cube interconnects

Project Title:

Advanced Multisensor Data Resources Management System

07.07-7000
901238
Advanced Multisensor Data Resources Management System

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to investigate new automated multisensor data resources
management techniques for use in geophysical and meteorologic explorations where
concurrent observations from diverse sensor systems are analyzed. Emphasis will be
placed on advanced data fusion, artificial intelligence, and relational database
techniques to perform event recognition and data association. The innovative approach
uses an artificial neural-network preprocessor and an knowledge-based system in tandem
jointly to correlate and associate multiple source databases and to create object-oriented
data structures for even descriptions and mapping of data interrelationships.
An automated system to associate data from multiple sensors and to enhance capabilities
for recognizing significant events in meteorologic and geophysical observations would
have multiple applications in earth sciences, weather forecasting, military command
and control, and other fields where large sets of sensor data must be analyzed.
artificial intelligence, relational database, object-oriented programming, data fusion

Project Title:

Universal Book Management System

07.08-7978
900660
Universal Book Management System

Abstract:

NASA space scientists tend to use integrated data of multiple types. For example,
the observations collected by the EXOSAT Satellite are made up of database rows,
images, spreadsheets (spectra, lightcurves), text indexes, etc. Also, the different
data types come from heterogeneous management systems. For example, databases may
be stored in Ingres, Sybase or Oracle; text in Troff, Tek, ASCII, etc. The purpose
of this project is the development of a universal book management system (UBMS) which
presents a global view of integrated data types in terms of a virtual "book" object.
It will also be built atop of the NASA developed DAVID system to support access of
data from heterogeneous management systems. In addition, UBMS will support program
callable utilities so that user specific applications (e.g., High-Energy Astrophysics
Science Archive Research Center) can be built from it. In Phase I, the UBMS will
be designed, a subsystem prototype will be built and demonstrated on a relevant multiple
type data set (e.g. EXOSAT date), and a demonstration will be presented on how UBMS
can support the building of user specific applications (e.g., High-Energy Astrophysics
Science Archive Research Center). The thrust of Phase II will be the implementation
of the UBMS design developed in Phase I and its integration with the NASA developed
DAVID system for accessing heterogeneous distributed data.
Results of this project can benefit current NASA and other similar applications.
Time, manpower, and cost savings along with the flexibility and simplicity for access
of multiple-type heterogeneous, distributed environments are major benefits of this
work.
multiple-type data, heterogeneous distributed data, virtual book model, program callable,
DAVID system, user-friendly interface

Project Title:

Three-Dimensional Stacked Optical Memory Based On Polarization Holography

07.09-3088
901281
Three-Dimensional Stacked Optical Memory Based On Polarization Holography

Abstract:

A novel ultra-dense memory system using three-dimensional optical holographic storage
will be developed based on new polarization-sensitive polymer material and polarization
holographic technology. This approach represents the first practical attempt to record
and retrieve information holographically in three dimensions. The classical, holographic,
angular multiplexing technique, even though three-dimensional in nature, cannot effectively
utilize the third dimension due to basic limitations in the optical system. This
approach solves this problem by using polarization switching for addressing the third
dimension. The objective of the project is to apply birefringent memory technology
to fabricate ultrahigh density optical storage systems with multiple dimensions.
The memory system is a sandwiched structure with alternate layers of polarization-sensitive
holographic media. Electropotic polarization switches act as the selective access
to each memory layer and are controlled by the operational modes of the polarization
switches. Upon the completion of this research, a three-dimensional stacked, optical
memory system with Terabyte (1012 bytes) storage capacity and 1012 bytes/nanosecond
random access rate will be demonstrated. This will greatly improve the on-board data
storage capacity of NASA's spacecraft.
The applications of this technology will include optical memory systems for on-board
data storage on space missions and in electromagnetic jamming resistant information
storage disks, computer memories, and archival storage systems.
three-dimensional stacked holograms, birefringent holography, polarization selectivity

Project Title:

Spacecraft On-Board Information Extraction Computer

07.09-8211
901823
Spacecraft On-Board Information Extraction Computer

Abstract:

The Phase I effort will design a three-dimensional packaged, parallel processing
module. This preliminary design will be in accordance with specific spacecraft application
guidelines obtained from the sponsor resulting in a demonstration recommendation
for the processing unit during Phase II. The Phase I analysis will establish system
requirements and constraints and determine the feasibility of constructing a three-dimensional
processing module. Performance predictions for the ultimate system and a preliminary
Phase II program plan will be provided. The preliminary specifications will include
estimates of total electronics volume, weight, and power budgets as a function of
degree of processing power. In addition, thermal issues will be addressed.
Applications include desktop and portable supercomputers.
space computers, parallel processing, three-dimensional computers, data compression

Project Title:

Design Study to Implement NASTRAN on Massively Parallel Computers

07.10-1212
900322
Design Study to Implement NASTRAN on Massively Parallel Computers

Abstract:

The finite-element analysis approach for performing structural analysis has been
an efficient and comprehensive approach for many years. The NASA developed structural
analysis program NASTRAN is in the forefront for such analyses. A design that will
allow NASTRAN to execute efficiently on computers that have a massively parallel
architecture will be studied. This effort will include an analysis of the capabilities
of existing computers with a massively parallel architecture, determination of efficient
matrix algorithms, determination of areas of code that could be executed in parallel,
determination of possible parallelization at the NASTRAN command language level,
and defining required additional NASTRAN I/O functions and executive control functions
to allow for optimal parallelization techniques to be installed in NASTRAN. Determination
of such a design is na innovative effort because the study and design considerations
that are required for optimal use of parallel processing capabilities are unique
and differ from those used on vector and serial processing computers.
NASTRAN is heavily used by governmental agencies (NASA, Navy, Air Force, Army, etc.),
aerospace companies, automobile companies, scientific laboratories and a host of
engineering companies, and therefore, commercial applications of a  parallel version
of NASTRAN will certainly be desired and useful in the future.
finite element, structural analysis, NASTRAN

Project Title:

A Computer Based Information Management System for JPL Image Data

07.11-2567
901784
A Computer Based Information Management System for JPL Image Data

Abstract:

This effort utilizes the data from  planetary exploration now available through NASA
and JPL. This effort targets the elementary and secondary school levels, meeting
the needs of young people of all learning abilities and regardless of handicaps.
At the heart is a computer system which will access, search, and manipulate data
from such sources as the JPL planetary images on CD-ROM. The CD-ROMs will be treated
as very large databases; PC-based program disks will manipulate these databases with
four major educational emphases. First, teaching disks would guide students (and
teachers) through the data to give a basic education about the materials; these disks
would be prepared by experienced educators. Second, browsing disks would facilitate
navigation of the databases using keyword, subject, or main idea indexing; students
could record their "knowledge trail" through the data. Third, for teachers, teacher
edit/test disks, and fourth for students, student creativity/edit disks permit the
flexible use of the available information on the CD-ROMs in creative educational
activities. A completed student "report," composed of hypermedia-like images, animation,
text and notes, would be saved as a real-time run program disk recorded on videotape;
thus, the data, images, and knowledge would really become the tangible property of
the student.
Complete systems (i.e., hardware, software, CD-ROM players and interfaces) and the
four information management disks (the teaching, browsing, teacher edit/test and
the student creativity/edit disks) could be marketed to school districts, libraries
and science museums.
astronomy, planets, science education, hyper-media

Project Title:

Multi-media Planetary HyperBook

07.11-2732
900566
Multi-media Planetary HyperBook

Abstract:

Placing the wealth of information available about the solar system, or other subject
areas, requires innovative applications of technology and alternative presentation
approaches. This proposal describes the development of a multi-media HyperBook of
solar system information. The HyperBook, as the name implies, utilizes hypertext
and multi-media technologies to provide a flexible, interactive organization method
to the information within the book. This alone is not enough, however. Merely providing
an interactive, flexible interface into the information does not promote the exploration
and assimilation of that information. Students must be motivated to investigate and
search out data. This is performed through interactive games and role-playing software.
Students act out adventures and roles which, to be successful, depend on knowing
and understanding information within the HyperBook. The planetary provides, during
the adventure, interactive access to information and, through an embedded lesson
plan, guidance to the adventure.
This effort will greatly increase the effectiveness of student learning and retention
by turning the student into an active participant in the learning process. This will
be widely applicable to schools, corporate training programs, and NASA programs.
Hypertext, multi-media, adaptive instruction, role playing

Project Title:

An Iodine Standard Lamp

08.01-0003
900633
An Iodine Standard Lamp

Abstract:

An innovative lamp source that would have the capability for being an on orbital
standard for both wavelength and spectral responsivity calibrations of optical sensors
will be built. The lamp will use well characterized fluorescence from a molecular
species (I2). A unique feature of our approach is that the I2 lamp will be excited
by a stable light source that only populates a single quantum level in I2. Since
the emission characteristics of I2 are so well known, this extremely selective excitation
results in emission lines of fixed frequency and intensity over the entire wavelength
range of 530 to 1340 nm. AN analogous approach using an alternate lamp gas could
extend this range into the ultra violet (225 to 450 nm). The primary objective of
the Phase I program would be a laboratory demonstration of an optically pumped I2
lamp as a calibration source for wavelength and radiometric response. Phase I results
would be used to design a prototype, miniature lamp that would be constructed and
tested in Phase II. This miniature standard would be valuable for any future missions
that used sensors in the optical region.
The optical source would have potential for manufacturers of optical sensors for
space applications. A small lamp source that provided both wavelength  and spectral
response calibrations would also be extremely useful to any laboratory performing
optical measurements. For example, the lamp could be incorporated into commercial
spectrophotometers that are in most university and industrial laboratories.
lamp, wavelength, spectral response, iodine, calibration, sensors

Project Title:

High Power, High Repetition Rate, Diode-Pumped, Solid State Laser Transmitter

08.01-0755
902044
High Power, High Repetition Rate, Diode-Pumped, Solid State Laser Transmitter

Abstract:

A high power, efficient, robust laser transmitter, needed for topographic measurements
from remote space platforms, is the goal of this project. This project describes
the design, construction, and characterization of a prototype laser that will meet
or the laser. The laser will generate pulses of 1.047 um light having energy greater
than 1mJ at a repetition rate up to 1 KHz. The pulse length will be 10 + 5 ns to
provide a spatial resolution of approximately 3 meters as required by topographic
measurements. A novel feature of this laser is that it will use one of the new 15
Watt laster diode bars in an efficient, end pumped configuration. This feature will
permit the laser to be very compact and easily scalable to higher powers as the diode
laser bars continue to increase in output power. Also, this laster will employ an
acousto-optic Q-switch which will allow repetition rates greater than 50 kHz at reduced
pulse energy.
High power, Q-switched lasers have applications in the areas of micro-machining,
printed circuit component trimming, and efficient harmonic generation for laser sources
in the visible spectrum. The laser will also function as roughly a 3 Watt CW source
since the 1 kHz repetition rate will require a CW pumping arrangement.
laser, diode-pumping, Q-switch, Nd:YAG, micro-machining

Project Title:

Development of a Millimeter Wave Doppler Radar for Detection of Precipitation

08.01-8315
900676
Development of a Millimeter Wave Doppler Radar for Detection of Precipitation

Abstract:

This project addresses the need for both satellite and supporting in situ observation
of precipitation rates and cloud cover parameters. The goal is to design a fully
productive, highly compact, millimeter-wavelength Doppler Radar package for aircraft
and ground based operation with the potential for satellite application. Innovations
will include a high power, fully coherent radar transceiver operating in a dual polarization
mode. Also, innovations will include the narrow beam widths of millimeter antenna
in conjunction with pulse compression techniques. Meteorological modeling and analysis
will be done to guide the radar design to determine the optimum performance trade
offs between radar hardware capability and the radar reflectivity of the meteorological
phenomena. The primary frequency of consideration will be 95GHz, but other frequencies
will also be investigated. In the Phase I research the objectives of the scientific
observations appropriate to a millimeter-wave Doppler Radar will be defined and the
Doppler Radar system engineered to assure meeting these objectives. Phase I will
culminate in a report that details the scientific capabilities, total system and
component design, and fabrication cost elements. This proposal is intended to demonstrate
the feasibility and scientific need for a developed, reliable, compact, and performance-documented
millimeter radar instrument.
Applications include:  weather radar with improved detection of snow, ice and clouds;
surveillance-type sensors that must provide high resolution in fog; and shipboard
or aircraft surface sensing requiring high spatial and temporal resolution.
pulse-compression, millimeter, doppler, radar, coherent, precipitation, 95GHz

Project Title:

Neural Networks for Real-Time Data Evaluation in Remote Sensing Instrumentation

08.02-1419
900775
Neural Networks for Real-Time Data Evaluation in Remote Sensing Instrumentation

Abstract:

To interpret, evaluate and analyze data from remote sensing multi-special instrumentation
in real or near real-time is the goal of this project. This system will be adaptive
by learning to interpret application specific features. Based on neural-network technology,
the system will focus on patterns found in the data regardless of the irrelevant
variations of intensity, magnification, clutter or noise. The system should be compatible
with deployment in light aircraft or balloons for interdisciplinary research activities.
In Phase I this project will design, develop and test groups of interrelated neural-networks
to interpret data from different spectral bands. The interpretation of network fused
data from various spectral bands (0.4 - 14.0 micrometers) will be simulated as a
proof-of-concept with a simple problem. Neural-network hardware will be reviewed
to identify compatible electronics for the adaptive, real-time, multiple network
system recommended here. Following Phase II development, this technological innovation
will be adaptable to various applications. This system could learn specific interpretations
of spectral patters depending on the application requirements. Potential applications
from archaeology and agriculture to geology could be entreated.
This real-time multi-spectral neural-network evaluation system is expected to be
useful for real-time intelligent remote-sensing. This innovative technology should
be useful for the intelligent analysis and evaluation of agricultural, forestry,
geographical, geo-botany, archaeological or weather data.
neural-networks, remote sensing, multi-spectral, image analysis, real-time

Project Title:

Portable Imaging Spectroradiometer for Ground Truth & Earth Remote-Sensing

08.02-6078
900193
Portable Imaging Spectroradiometer for Ground Truth & Earth Remote-Sensing

Abstract:

A novel design for an imaging spectroradiometer for remote- sensing and ground truth
measurements is the goal of this project. No dispersion element will be used so the
system is small and lighter than common spectrometric systems by as much as a factor
of 1,000 and is specifically appropriate for airborne applications and portable use.
A proprietary anamorphic optical system produces a rugged, permanently aligned, spectroradiometer
which provides a contiguous spectrum with a resolving power from several hundreds
to several thousands. The device may be built either using a scanning system with
a single element or line array detector, or using a staring area detector. Actual
operating spectral resolution is controlled by software and may be changed in real-time.
Large area arrays provide the required spatial resolution down to 1 meter. The design
is based on proven technologies, making this a low-risk, high-payoff development.
Phase I includes the preparation of an operational and performance requirements list,
the design of the spectroradiometer, and the preparation of a development plan for
Phase II. Phase II will consist of a design verification and development breadboard
device followed by a prototype fabrication.
The development of an imaging spectroradiometer which uses no dispersion element
opens the door to applications in which the size and weight of the apparatus are
critical. Spaceborne and portable hand-held devices for industry and laboratory use
are the main applications. In the military, the use in "smart munitions," IR missile
seekers, and surveillance, require rugged, low cost, small size devices for which
the proposed concept is also suitable.
imaging, spectroradiometer, anamorphic-optics, remote-sensing, detector-arrays

Project Title:

An Airborne Particle Imaging Nephelometer For Measuring Optical Phase Function

08.03-0490
900245
An Airborne Particle Imaging Nephelometer For Measuring Optical Phase Function

Abstract:

The optical properties of cirrus clouds remain a major unsolved component in cloud
and climate research (Liou 1986). The current instrumentation available for in situ
measurement of the size, shape and light-scattering properties of ice crystals is
not capable of providing sufficient information to verify remote measurements (e.g.,
satellite, airborne lidar and radiometers) of the optical and radiative properties
of cirrus (Heymsfield et al. 1990, Wielicki et al. 1990). A new instrument capable
of measuring the size, shape and optical phase function of individual ice crystals
in cirrus clouds is needed. In Phase I, theoretical calculations and proof-of-concept
laboratory tests will be performed to verify the design of a particle imaging nephelometer.
The new instrument will image particles with 5 um size resolution and simultaneously
measure the polarized and unpolarized components of scattered light in two 180o arcs
around the sample volume. Phase II will see the building and testing of an airborne
version of the instrument and develop parameterizations and numerical simulations
of the ensemble phase function of cirrus clouds.
The particle imaging nephelometer will be a valuable instrument for simultaneously
imaging small particles and measuring the scattered light energy. Applications to
meteorological measurements in the field are numerous, including cloud and climate
research, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, battlefields, urban environments, etc.
Also, the potential exists to measure particulates in the atmospheres of other planets
and moons (e.g., the Triton Project).
phase function, light scattering, ice crystals, clouds, climate

Project Title:

In-Situ Chemical Identification of Size Segregated High Altitude Aerosol Particles

08.03-6239
900520
In-Situ Chemical Identification of Size Segregated High Altitude Aerosol Particles

Abstract:

An important component in the study of atmospheric chemistry is the role of aerosol
particles. These may be converted from gases, or act as reservoir or reaction sites
for gases. Since most chemical analyses are performed in the laboratory following
airborne collection, the integrity of the sample cannot be guaranteed due to the
change in temperature and time delay prior to analysis. An innovative method to size-segregate
aerosols in the upper atmosphere and collect them on a highly sensitive quartz crystal
microbalance, the surface acoustic wave quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor
(SQCM), will be investigated. After the collection of the aerosols, selected target
chemicals contained on the aerosols, such as HNO3, HC1 and 03, will be detected by
reacting them with a selective reagent gas. Detection of gaseous chemicals will be
obtained simultaneously using chemically coated SAW crystals following the aerosol
collector. Gas concentrations in the sub to low ppb range (v/v) could be detected
simultaneously with aerosols at a number density of 8 X 10-3 cm-3 assuming a 0.3
um particle of density 1.6 g/cm3.
The ability to determine the size distribution and concentration of aerosols while
simultaneously measuring trace level gases would be useful in the environmental health
fields. Highly sensitive chemical sensors that are small and inexpensive would be
very useful in field monitoring of environmental waste sites or industrial settings.
surface acoustic wave, piezoelectric crystal, stratosphere, aerosols, chemical detection

Project Title:

Laser Polarization Profiling

08.04-1772
901197
Laser Polarization Profiling

Abstract:

The design, fabrication and testing of a breadboard laser polarization profilometer
(LPP) will be accomplished. The design uses a special polarization preserving beamsplitter
(PPBS) that delivers the reflected laser light to the detectors. A polarized, pulsed
laser source is incorporated within the polarimeter package. The illuminated target
and the laser spot are imaged by the video camera using an achromatic lens design.
The pulsed, polarized, laser diode source is equipped with a remote control to enable
spot size adjustment on the target. The light reaching the polarimeter is divided
into three beams, two of which are orthogonally polarized and one which indicates
the overall incident intensity. The light intensities are detected by PIN silicon
photodiodes. The project objectives will include design considerations on:  laser
power requirements for high signal-to-noise measurement and polarization sensitivity
at the 300 m distance; the optical design of the achromatic system; laser spot detection
and target viewing; and compact and rugged packaging of the mechanical system. At
the end of Phase I, the complete optical and electronic interface requirements will
have been defined, and a breadboard package will have been developed and tested simulating
real conditions.
Potential applications of the LPP technology include remote mapping of soil, vegetation
and geological features, scattering and polarization response, mapping and surveying.
polarization, polarimeter, laser diode, beamsplitting, video, pulsed, achromatic

Project Title:

Large Aperture Holographic Optical Elements for Scanning Telescopes

08.05-3088
901284
Large Aperture Holographic Optical Elements for Scanning Telescopes

Abstract:

A novel large aperture holographic optical element (HOE) for scanning telescopes
will be developed based on volume Bragg holographic technology. The novelty lies
in the fabrication of multiple narrow bandwidth HOE that responds to wavelengths
of 532 nm, 732 nm, 760 nm, 770 nm, 1.64 um and 10.6 um in a thin coating which does
not require heavy optics and polishing. The objective of the proposed research is
to determine the appropriate HOE fabrication conditions for effectively producing
narrow-band, multiwavelength-response high efficiency HOEs with large aperture and
to address the issues concerning their scalability, stability, optical performance,
mass producibility and commercialization. Recent advances and progress in high resolution
holographic recording materials and processing techniques enables us to fabricate
high diffraction efficiency HOE using our simple holographic recording methods. For
example, a narrow-band HOE responding to 1.06 um, 532 nm and 355 nm can be fabricated
using a single wavelength recording in a 20 um photosensitive polymer film, followed
by wet and/or dry processing. Similar techniques can be applied for other wavelengths.
Anticipated benefits of this research include reduction in weight and size of the
telescope, improved performance, and extended life of the telescope.
Commercial applications of this technology, for other than the scanning telescope,
include laser countermeasures, laser resonators, and various energy related applications.
Other applications of this technology include space silicon and GaAs cover coatings
that deflect around 1.1 um and 0.9 um, respectively, large space based mirrors, high
energy laser countermeasures and solar window.
holography, multiple wavelength response, bandwidth, telescope, IR, scalability

Project Title:

Narrowband Tunable Spectral Filters

08.06-0867
901082
Narrowband Tunable Spectral Filters

Abstract:

A narrowband spectral filter is a critical element in high resolution LIDARS for
atomsperic studies. Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters (AOTF) offer the advantages of
large optical throughput, rapid tuning over wide spectral range and inherent modulation
capability, and are therefore well suited to the LIDAR applications. The basic deficiency
of present AOTF technology is the achievable limited spectral resolution. Innovative
approaches for resolution enhancement ar proposed. Phase I effort includes (a) theoretical
investigation of the proposed approaches and (b) feasibility demonstration experiments
for the selected optimum approach.
The commercial applications of the proposed R/D are analytic instruments used in
pollution monitoring, industrial control and meteorological and medical areas. A
near term commercial product would be a high resolution spectrometer.
LIDAR, narrowband, spectral filter, acousto-optic tunable filter, fabry perot filter,
electro-optic

Project Title:

Growth of Zinc Germanium Phosphide for OPO Applications

08.06-1910
901127
Growth of Zinc Germanium Phosphide for OPO Applications

Abstract:

An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) can provide high power infrared tunable over
a broad range. The development of OPO devices has been limited by the scarcity of
high quality nonlinear crystals and low laser damage threshold. ZnGeP2 single crystals
have an exceptionally high figure of merit (d2/n3, where d is the nonlinear coefficient
and n is the index of refractions) that is approximately four times that of AgGaSe2.
We propose to develop a crystal growth process for ZnGeP2 using a high pressure Czochralski
technique, rather than the sealed crucible Bridgman method used for AgGaSe2. We expect
our process to produce higher quality crystals with low absorption, high uniformity
and good optical quality. Our program includes the development of superpolished surfaces
and high damage threshold AR coatings. Selected crystals will be characterized with
respect to wavefront distortion, x-ray rocking curves surface roughness, absorption
coefficient and surface quality. Characterized crystals polished and AR coated will
be delivered to NASA for evaluation as in OPO for the spectral region of 2.5 to 5.5
um.
An OPO using a ZnGeP2 crystal will provide a tunable IR laser source from 2.5 to
11 um. Such a source will be widely used for scientific research such as spectroscopy;
atmospheric measurements of chemical species, LIDAR systems, doubling and quadrupling
10.6 um radiation, sum frequency mixing of 10.6 um and 5-6 um (CO laser) and for
the detection of infrared radiation by upconversion using a pump such as Nd:YAG laser.
ZnGeP2, optical parametric oscillator, crystal growth, tunable infrared

Project Title:

High Efficiency Frequency Doubler

08.06-7528
901236
High Efficiency Frequency Doubler

Abstract:

We propose to construct and deliver to NASA a highly efficient second harmonic generator
for 1.064 m fundamental laser radiation to meet the NASA requirement for efficient
nonlinear frequency conversion at infrared wavelengths. At Solidlite, we have already
taken great pains to model the second harmonic generator as accurately as possible,
using proprietary numerical computer codes that include the important effects of
fundamental depletion, wave-vector mismatch, angular and thermal dephasing, back-conversion
of the generated 532 nm radiation, bulk absorption and Fresnel losses, and amplitude
modulation of the input pulse. These methods offer a powerful capability for prediction
and optimization of system performance, and point the way to the next generation
of highly efficient harmonic converters. We intend to construct a frequency doubler
with extraordinary conversion  efficiency for a 1.064 m fundamental laser based on
a design that has been optimized using our new codes. We will fabricate the frequency
doubler using precision optomechanical components, test it using a Nd:YAG laser to
determine its performance characteristics, and then deliver the finished unit to
NASA.
Increased frequency doubling efficiency results in increased overall laser system
efficiency and decreased system cost. The availability of packaged, off-the-shelf
highly efficient frequency convertors will further extend the capabilities of nonlinear
optics to non-experts, and a wider market for nonlinear optical materials will be
found.
laser, neodymium, second harmonic generator, frequency doubler

Project Title:

Silicon Carbide Lightweight, One Meter Class Mirror Development

08.07-0204
900766
Silicon Carbide Lightweight, One Meter Class Mirror Development

Abstract:

Silicon carbide (SiC) is emerging as a serious alternative for lightweight spaceborne
telescope applications due to commercially available reaction bonded fabrication
techniques and replication processing advances. SiC has the significant advantages
of the lightweight features of beryllium, the cryogenic and optical performance and
stability of glass, and the low cost of aluminum. This Phase I SBIR proposes fabricating
mirrors by overcoating SiC subtrates with silicon (Si) to facilitate polishing. The
similarity in thermal expansion between SiC and Si insures an inherently athermal
design. The specific tasks include the conceptual design of a 1 meter class SiC/Si
overcoat mirror and SiC mount assembly for visible to UV spaceborne applications,
and the demonstration of this technology feasibility via fabrication and test of
an 8-inch aperture concave spherical mirror and mount assembly to near diffraction
limited, visible to ultraviolet performance. The goals of Phase II would be to fabricate
and test a prototype 1 meter class SiC/Si mirror and mount assembly.
A SiC/Si telescope has the potential to satisfy stringent spaceborne optical requirements
such as those necessary in one meter class, near diffraction limited, visible to
ultraviolet telescopes for astronomical, earth and atmospheric science applications.
The answers obtained during this endeavor will have broad implications on the sizing
of spacecrafts and launch boosters for both government and commercial applications.
silicon carbide; telescope; visible; ultraviolet; mirrors; structure; cryogenic

Project Title:

Cold Coronagraph for Planetary Observations

08.08-5262
901908
Cold Coronagraph for Planetary Observations

Abstract:

This proposal responds to Technical Subtopic 08.08:  A Cold Coronagraph for Planetary
Observations, which requests an instrument be developed that allows astronomical
observations of solar system objects in the thermal infrared region (5-30um) utilizing
an optical system that is capable of reconstructing an image, using movable apodizing
masks, of electromagnetic radiation collected by a ground-based astronomical telescope.
The opportunity is to apply techniques, previously used at visible wavelengths, in
an infrared instrument that requires different optical materials and, most important,
cold optics in order to fully utilize the  high sensitivity of today's state of the
art IR astronomical instrumentation. The objective of Phase I is to develop a detailed
conceptual design and show the feasibility of development and testing of an operating
prototype instrument under Phase II. SETS Technology, Inc., personnel have developed
numerous thermal infrared astronomical instruments specifically for planetary and
astronomical imaging applications and are uniquely qualified to devise the instrument
requested.
These include an instrument design, adaptable to all infrared cameras, and infrared
optics developments. Technology could be applied in ground and spacecraft astrophysics,
planetary science, terrestrial land, atmosphere and ocean remote-sensing, surveillance,
geological mapping, forestry, land use planning, monitoring of industrial processes.
coronagraph, infrared, imaging

Project Title:

XUV Image Detector Array

08.09-0774
901986
XUV Image Detector Array

Abstract:

In most current XUV image sensors the photocathode is evaporated on the surface of
a microchannel plate. However, the detective quantum efficiency, DQE, of these devices
is degraded by the microchannel plate surface and the attendant photoelectron ballistic
path in reaching the channels in comparison with photocathodes on smooth metal substrates.
Such photocathodes in windowless image tubes have been successfully used in XUV astronomical
observations but their adoption has been restrained by the size and weight of the
electromagnetic assembly employed to accelerate and focus the photoelectrons onto
the anode. The proposed Phase I effort is to design a detector array suitable for
use in space borne XUV sensors. In Phase II a prototype would be built and evaluated.
These XUV detectors would find application in academic and industrial research instruments.
XUV spectroscopy is an active field of materials research in industrial and academic
laboratories. Improved sensitivity of XUV image sensors would find a ready commercial
market.
ultraviolet, image sensor, intensifier

Project Title:

Strained Type II Superlattice Infrared Detectors

08.09-1929
900728
Strained Type II Superlattice Infrared Detectors

Abstract:

1. Concept Description:  To address problems associated with detectors and detector
arrays in the infrared wavelength range, we propose to investigate the optical properties
of a recently invented class of type II strained-layer superlattices made of (Ga,As)
related compounds. The new concept has advantages compared with previous efforts
in that small bandgaps may be achieved with sufficiently thin repeating layers in
the superlattices so that they have good optical absorption properties and favorable
electrical transport properties original calculations have indicated Ga1-xInxSb/InAs
to be the best choice for such application. Very recently it has been show to have
the highest absorption coefficient at 10um wavelength compared to all other superlattice
materials. To explore the potential of this material system, we will fabricate these
structures. 2. Project Objectives:  To fabricate optimized detector structures according
to theoretical model and evaluate their infrared optical properties. 3. Project Description
and Anticipated Results:  We propose to fabricate them by molecular beam epitaxy
(MBE) according to structural parameters determined from theoretical modelling. The
sample will be characterized optically and evaluated for infrared detection applications
in the 2-17um region.
The very favorable optical properties of the strained-layer type II superlattices
suggest that they could be very useful for infrared detectors and detector arrays
used in space astronomy, physics and atmospheric studies, as well as medical and
industrial thermal imaging applications.
infrared, detector, strained-layer type II superlattices, MBE

Project Title:

Capacitor Components for 2 K Detectors

08.09-2231
900164
Capacitor Components for 2 K Detectors

Abstract:

It is proposed to measure for the first time the dielectric properties of seven categories
of ceramic materials at 2 K to develop capacitor components for detectors and detector
arrays. ALl ceramic samples are in the form of multilayer capacitors or can be made
in this form by conventional ceramic processing. The categories are:  BaTio3-SrTiO3
ceramics; proprietary manufacturers' compositions; Cd-Pb-Nb-Ta oxide ceramics; Pb-Mg-Sc-Ta
oxide ceramics; SrTiO3 glass-ceramic; unusual spinel-based ceramics having very large
specific heats at 2 K; and a superionic conductor. The dependence of the dielectric
constants and loss tangents of the samples on temperature, frequency (up to 1 MHz),
and electric field will be measured at 2 K, as will the ac conductivity. All samples
are on hand at CeramPhysics or will be donated by certain manufacturers at no cost.
The goal of the Phase I research is to identify the most favorable materials for
specific capacitor applications in detector technologies. A Phase II program would
involve fabricating these materials into improved ceramic multilayer capacitors for
testing at Ceram- Physics and for supplying to NASA laboratories for testing with
detectors.
Multilayer ceramic capacitors to support detectors and detector arrays operating
at 2 K.
multilayer ceramic capacitors, detectors, detectors arrays, cryogenic

Project Title:

Detector Arrays from the Direct Deposition of Superconducting Films on Diamonds

08.09-3000
900977
Detector Arrays from the Direct Deposition of Superconducting Films on Diamonds

Abstract:

A method is proposed for fabricating detector arrays of high temperature superconducting
(HTSC) thin films directly on diamond substrates. Diamond is employed to exploit
the potentially wide wavelength responsivity of these films through non-bolometric
mechanisms. Lithographic techniques are described which will help compensate for
the extreme thermophysical mismatch between diamond and these superconducting films.
Wide wavelength response cameras, radiometric imaging, spectrophotometric dispersion
simultaneous with spatial imaging, and new lithographic techniques for HTSC films.
detection array, high temperature superconducting films, thin films

Project Title:

The Manufacture of High Gain, Sheared MCP's Through an Innovative Boule Design

08.09-5411A
902004
The Manufacture of High Gain, Sheared MCP's Through an Innovative Boule Design

Abstract:

A unique instrument now exists, which can be used to fabricate monolithic, high-gain
microchannel plates, via the "shearing" approach. It will accommodate MCP blanks
ranging in size from 20mm to 85mm diameter. By design, it will produce both "C" and
"J" type profile geometries. Present research indicates that a custom blank is required,
whose matrix wall thickness is made substantially larger than normal practice. This
will require the fabrication of a stating boule, with an innovative blend of glasses
and geometry. The objective of this program is to procure custom 25mm format MCP
boule material from a commercial manufacturer, shear the blanks and fabricate high-gain,
15um resolution devices. Final gain is determined by plate length-to-diameter (channel
thk.:pore dia.) ratio. Ratios of 100:1 and 120:1 will be tried, in an effort to provide
plates demonstrating usable gains in excess of 5 x 105, at bias voltages below 2500
VDC and strip currents below 20 uA.
Many NASA specific, scientific applications exist, which would benefit from a substitute
for the chevron type or improvement of the commercially available, sheared MCP. Programs
in space physics use MCP's, such as SOHO and Hubble. Other applications exist in
ion microscopy, surface science and particle physics.
detector, microchannel, electron multiplier, astronomy, MCP, imaging, ultraviolet

Project Title:

Radiation Hardening of Charge Coupled Devices

08.09-6000B
901798
Radiation Hardening of Charge Coupled Devices

Abstract:

The proposed program will provide the analytical methods necessary to select and
design radiation hard charge coupled devices (CCD's) for applications involving exposure
to space radiations. CCD's are crucial to the success of many present and proposed
NASA missions; the radiation environments they encounter are capable of disabling
these critical components. The objective is to bring together in a single document
a description of the methods required to make quantitative predictions of radiation
response for a wide range of space radiation environments. This will include new
information concerning the contribution of field enhanced emission to the radiation
induced dark current in CCD's. INFormation on this mechanism has only recently become
available. Field enhanced emission is important because experiments have shown that
energetic protons or neutrons can produce an unacceptable number of very large dark
current spikes in CCD's. Using published information, new calculations will be carried
out to reduce the uncertainties associated with existing models. The results will
be assembled in handbook format for application to the prediction of CCD response
in a wide range of space radiation environments.
Potential commercial applications include development of computer programs for predicting
CCD response in different radiation environments and identification of new types
of device designs, concepts and materials.
detectors, detector arrays, charge coupled devices, sensors, radiation effects, radiation
damage, dark current

Project Title:

Low Noise Infrared Detector Readout Array for 2 Kelvin

08.09-6621
900994
Low Noise Infrared Detector Readout Array for 2 Kelvin

Abstract:

Space based low background infrared measurements present stringent performance requirements
on the infrared detector arrays and their associated readout multiplexer circuitry.
Very low temperature cryogenics environments (2 Kelvin) are required by these systems
to achieve detector performance levels. These cryogenics environments pose technical
challenges ont he readout multiplexer performance. Although significant performance
improvements have been realized in low noise low temperature readout multiplexers,
substantial systems penalties must be paid in the use of elevated temperature stages
to operate these devices. This proposed effort will demonstrate that low noise infrared
detector array readout multiplexers can be achieved through the use of TRW's advanced
cryogenic-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (cryo-CMOS) fabrication process.
Low background infrared systems such as those on the space infrared telescope facility.
FPA, infrared, multiplexer, readout, cryogenic

Project Title:

Fabrication of IR Detector Arrays on Silicon Substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition

08.09-9806
901914
Fabrication of IR Detector Arrays on Silicon Substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Abstract:

The innovations of the proposed program are advancing the fabrication and design
technology of IR detectors from bulk HgCdTe to the emerging technology of thin films;
progress toward films on silicon wafers; and, the implementation of the technique
of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the fabrication of these heteroepitaxial compound
semiconductor IR detectors. Feasibility is ensured by the recent experience of the
PI (Fenner) with PLD of films on silicon, together with the very considerable IR-detector
fabrication experience of the subcontractor (InfraRed Associates). Present methods
of material growth, from bulk processes to the various techniques for depositing
epitaxial films, are all unsatisfactory in one way or another. Bulk methods produce
the least uniform material and are labor intensive in detector fabrication, while
epitaxial films are more uniform but require expensive equipment, e.g., molecular
beam epitaxy or metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. PLD is the method of choice
for this proposed study, in that only single laser targets are needed for the growth
of most compound-materials films, atomic-scale layer resolution is possible, repaid
throughput is possible, and only a marginal investment is required for establishing
the growth facility.
The development of thin-film epitaxial materials for IR detector devices will address
markets in high performance application such as:  space-based astronomy, thermal
imaging, and tracking systems. Extension of the film work to the use of Si substrates
will further improve performance, primarily due to the direct proximity Si electronic
circuitry, i.e., monolithic integration of IR detectors and VLSI signal processing
instrumentation. This would benefit both single element detector system and 2-D array
imaging systems.
IR-detectors, HgCdTe, thin films, silicon substrates, pulsed-laser deposition

Project Title:

Buried Heterostructure PbEuSeTe/PbSnTe Long Wavelength Tunable Diode Lasers

08.10-2650
901288
Buried Heterostructure PbEuSeTe/PbSnTe Long Wavelength Tunable Diode Lasers

Abstract:

The goal of this project is to use molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of PbSnTe and PbEuSeTe
on PbTe substrates to develop and fabricate buried heterostructure (BH) tunable single-mode
diode lasers emitting in the 15um to 28um spectral region with operation temperature
in excess of 20 K. The BH diode lasers should deliver single mode output power in
the range of 0.1-1.OmW. Threshold currents at 20 K and 80 K should not exceed 2 ma
and 11 mA respectively. Temperature tuning rates should be between 3 cm-1/K to 4
cm-1/K (a fixed Pb salt material property) and current tuning rate should be minimized
to values below 1800 Mhz/mA, thus directly satisfying NASA requirements for local
oscillators for heterodyne detection. In addition, these lasers should also exhibit
longer mode tuning in the range of 1.5-4 cm-1 per mode, and high temperature continuous
wave (cw) operation in excess of 80 K. In phase I of this program the cladding layer
composition, the doping profile and the active layer thickness for a diode laser
emitting at 15um will be determined. Two working devices satisfying the above conditions
will be delivered for evaluation.
Present areas of application include noninvasive medical diagnostics, environmental/atmospheric
monitoring, trace analysis of electronic processing gases, plasma etching diagnostics,
and impurity analysis of Si and GaA1As wafers. Development of buried heterostructure
diode lasers should substantially reduce system costs and complexity, resulting insignificantly
greater commercial applicability in the environmental and medical areas.
single-mode buried heterostructure tunable diode laser

Project Title:

Development of Homojunction Barrier Infrared Detectors

08.11-0888
90079?
Development of Homojunction Barrier Infrared Detectors

Abstract:

The project involves the development of a new class of infrared detectors call homojunction
barrier detectors because the photodetection process involves excitation over such
barriers. The detectors are particularly promising for focal plane array applications
requiring a high degree of pixel-to-pixel uniformity in the LWIR, VLWIR regions and
at even longer wavelengths of interest in astronomy. Present versions of these detectors
possess low quantum efficiency, a feature shared by other IR detectors with high
uniformity such as Schottky barrier detectors which are useful in the SWIR and MWIR
regions. Under Phase II, the low quantum efficiency of homojunction barrier detectors
would be substantially remedied by the development of detectors with many layers,
each layer containing a thin homojunction barrier. Such multilayered structures can
be fabricated by modern epitaxial growth techniques. The boosting of quantum efficiency
int his way has a proven parallel in the area of heterojunction multiple quantum
well IR detectors. Low noise is expected based on our measurements of dark currents
less than 10-16 amperes at bias voltages of up to 5 volts on simple silicon homojunction
devices. The longest wavelength we have detected to date is 200 microns using a germanium
homojunction device.
Low-cost, monolithic silicon focal planes with broad-band IR sensitivity in the VLWIR
range could offer tremendous commercial potential. The systems impacted include defense
strategic and tactical IR, earth resource survey systems, industrial processing,
environmental monitoring, security systems and infrared astronomy. The defense IR
sector alone, through offering significant performance, weight, and cost advantages,
could address the needs of airborne and space platforms with costs in the multi-million
dollar range.
infrared; low dark current, long-wavelength cutoff; detector

Project Title:

A High Efficiency, Low Vibration, Long Life, Pulse Tube Spacecraft Cryocooler Employing

08.11-4000A
901411
A High Efficiency, Low Vibration, Long Life, Pulse Tube Spacecraft Cryocooler Employing

Abstract:

Flexural Bearings
This firm will develop and test the Prequalification Model (PM) of a pulse tube cryocooler
employing a dual opposed compressor with flexural bearings. Objective for the CryoflexTM
cryogenic cooler are high efficiency, low vibration, 10- to 15-year life and a design
which can be qualified for space flight. NASA and STC will cooperatively define heat
lifting capacity, source temperature and other critical performance objectives. High
efficiency will be achieved through optimization of system parameters using a validated
numerical optimization method, careful selection and implementation of regenerator
technology, optimized electric motor design, and use of flexural bearings for high
mechanical efficiency. Dual opposed piston technology with gas clearance seals will
provide 10- to 15-year life. Phase I will produce a demonstration and evaluation
unit optimized around a successful existing flexural bearing compressor. Phase II
will produce a fully optimized single or dual stage PM. Phase I and Phase II will
use existing electronics. The existing compressors for Phase I and the existing electronics
for Phases I and II were developed under earlier NASA grant and SBIR funding. Optimization
code validation in Phase I will help to assure Phase II success.
Cryogenic cooler for NASA, military and commercial flight and laboratory applications.
Additional applications include cooling of medical sensors, emerging superconductivity
applications and gas liquefactions for laboratory applications.
pulse tube, space cryocoolers, sensor cooling, flexure bearing, low vibration, long
life, high efficiency

Project Title:

Infrared Spectroscopy with Detector Arrays

08.12-5262
901460
Infrared Spectroscopy with Detector Arrays

Abstract:

This proposal responds to Technical Subtopic 08.12:  Infrared Spectroscopy with Detector
Arrays, which requests an instrument be developed that allows high wavelength resolution,
variable spatial (angular) resolution yet maintains high spectrophotometric sensitivity.
This instrument is to operate in the wavelength region 1 = 1-5um, have variable resolving
powers,  /  (write in symbols), between 500 and 4000, an angular resolution of 0.5
to 3.0 arcseconds, be designed for a f/5.5, 6.5 meter astronomical telescope and
be computer controlled. Objective of Phase I is to develop a detailed conceptual
design and show feasibility of developing and testing of a prototype instrument under
Phase II. The majority of the Phase I effort will be spent in the following areas:
 generating applicable scientific and technical specifications; developing reasonable
concept definitions; and producing the concept documentation that will demonstrate
the feasibility of the design. Members of the SETS Technology, Inc., instrument team
have developed or helped develop more than a dozen infrared astronomical instruments
including 5 spectrometers (0.4 and 5.2um), a state-of-the-art HgCdTe array imaging
spectrometer (1- 2.5um) and InSb and PtSi infrared imaging cameras.
These include the instrument design, related developments in infrared optics, cryostat
design, and computer control systems. The variable spatial resolution concept may
yield new applications in astrophysics, planetary science, terrestrial land, ocean
and atmosphere remote-sensing, surveillance, general chemical and mineralogical analysis.
spectrometer, infrared, astronomical, instrumentation, array detectors

Project Title:

Pyroelectric Detectors by Epitaxial CVD Growth on Silicon

08.13-6000
900508
Pyroelectric Detectors by Epitaxial CVD Growth on Silicon

Abstract:

Mon-cryogenic infrared detector arrays suitable for operation between 10 and 16 microns
can be fabricated from pyroelectric thin films such as strontium-barium niobate.
Detector sensitivity, however, is limited by film thickness. Sensitivity can be increased
by decreasing film thickness, but manufacturing technology presently sets a limit
below which thickness cannot be reduced. Spire proposes to explore metalorganic chemical
vapor deposition (MOCVD) as a means of removing this restriction, making possible
a new class of more sensitive non-cryogenic IR detectors. The proposed research will
capitalize upon recent developments in thin film superconductor technology to grow
(SrBa)Nb2 and related compounds. MOCVD-compatible barium and strontium precursors
have been synthesized within the last year, and are now available in limited quantities.
They will be employed to deposit films on silicon and sapphire substrates, and the
resulting films will be characterized with respect to composition, structure, thermal
and electrical properties.
This innovative approach to fabricating pyroelectric materials will lead directly
to improved infrared detectors, and indirectly to new opt-electronic circuits which
take advantage of the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramic thin
films.
strontium, barium niobate, pyroelectric infrared detector, metalorganic chemical
vapor deposition

Project Title:

Quasi-optical, Solid State, Multiplier Sources to 3000 GHz

08.14-3686
901709
Quasi-optical, Solid State, Multiplier Sources to 3000 GHz

Abstract:

There exists a great need for compact millimeter and submillimeter radiation sources
in a wide variety of research fields. These include radiometric measurements for
space astronomy, astrophysics and atmospheric studies, as well as a variety of applications
in the pursuit of magnetically confined fusion energy. Optically pumped far-infrared
lasers and high frequency microwave tubes, such as carcinotrons, have proven useful
in some specific research areas. However, the size, weight and spectral range availability
of such sources has severely limited their general application. The present proposal
seeks to develop innovative, quasi-optical, solid state multiplier systems, which,
when pumped by existing solid state sources, will generate output at frequencies
up to 3000 GHz. CW Output powers of ~1 Watt are anticipated at frequencies < 100
GHz, whereas 1 to 100mW are expected in the far-infrared (300 - 3000 GHz) spectral
region. Arrays of nonlinear diodes will be produced monolithically, thereby eliminating
the power limitations associated with individual multiplier systems. A novel quasi-optical
ring cavity will be utilized to couple the pump and multiplied emission. The system
operation has similarities to a laser and, therefore, results in automatic phase
locked operation. The primary goals of the Phase I Research Program will be to determine
(via analysis and experiment) the optimum quasi-optical approach for the various
desired frequency bands, and to evaluate, via computer modelling, the most desirable
non-linear device and thereby establish the desired fabrication parameters. Phase
II would then involve the detailed design, construction and test of the most appropriate
quasi-optical multiplier system/systems identified in Phase I.
A successful completion of the Phase I/II programs would find application in a wide
range of research, commercial and military applications. Compact, lightweight, moderate
power, millimeter-wave sources are needed in areas such as satellite communications,
radar systems, molecular spectroscopy, etc. The application of such sources, for
example, to active imaging of concealed weapons at international airports and embassies
represents a major potential commercial market.
quasi-optical, multiplier, millimeter/submillimeter source, compact, solid-state

Project Title:

Universal Helium Magnetometer for Space

08.15-2292
900500
Universal Helium Magnetometer for Space

Abstract:

A novel helium magnetometer is proposed for observation of magnetic fields of planets
and interplanetary space. The magnetometer employs a dual mode of operation with
a single optically pumped helium sensor to observe the magnitude and direction of
magnetic fields as great as 105nT. The instrument, designated the Universal Helium
Magnetometer (UHM), utilizes a Vector Helium Magnetometer (VHM) mode to observe fields
below 500nT. For fields greater than 500nT, a Scalar Helium Magnetometer (SHM) mode
of operation will be used. A novel optical technique using a miniaturized tunable
laser will be used to locate the position of the magnetic field vector. The tunable
laser permits single line pumping which should achieve an accuracy of 1 part in 105
of the field magnitude. The UHM sensor will be similar to the current JPL VHM sensor
in mass and size.  In Phase I, we propose to define the concept for the UHM instrument,
define the sensor configuration, define the electronic module concepts for the low
field vector mode, high field scalar mode and magnetic vector positioning mode. We
will establish the feasibility of the UHM approach and prepare a plan for designing
and fabricating a breadboard UHM instrument in Phase II.
COMMERCIAL:    (1)	Magnetometers for geophysics and mineral/petroleum exploration.
			(2)	Biomagnetic heart and brain monitors.
GOVERNMENT:	(1)	Antisubmarine warfare buoys, barriers and airborne magnetic field
sensors
			(2)	ELF communications
magnetometer, helium, laser pumping, vector magnetic field, space

Project Title:

Continuous Real-Time Monitoring of Size and Mass of Particles Generated by Gas-Grain

08.16-6239
900812
Continuous Real-Time Monitoring of Size and Mass of Particles Generated by Gas-Grain

Abstract:

Conversion Processes
An innovative aerosol particle sampling system is proposed which meets the stringent
requirements of NASA's micro-gravity particle research experiments in the Gas-Grain
Simulation Facility (GGSF). The system is especially suited to the Exobiology Flight
Program measurement requirements of NASA Ames Research Center. By using inertial
separation of aerosol particles into desired size groups, a process not influenced
by gravity, and weighing the size-segregated particles by piezoelectric microbalance
(which is also independent of gravity), this measuring device can monitor, in real-time,
the particle and gas-particle processes in six of the twenty proposed experiments
in the GGSF. It is shown to be particularly useful for the experiment on pre-biotic
particle formation in a simulated Titan atmosphere, because the technique also retains
the measured particles for physico-chemical analysis.
A miniaturized automated QCM instrument would be useful in process control and manufacturing
where aerosols and particles are involved.
space station, cascade impactor, quartz crystal microbalance, gas-grain simulation
facility, aerosols, particulates

Project Title:

Development of an Active Fluorometer for Measuring Primary Productivity in the Ocean

08.18-1500
902105
Development of an Active Fluorometer for Measuring Primary Productivity in the Ocean

Abstract:

We propose to develop an active fluorometer using a contained light source for rapid
measurements of primary productivity of marine phytoplankton in situ. The fluorometer
can be used as a water profiling instrument on board ship, or as a self-contained
device on moored or drifting buoys. The instrument will enable precise estimates
of ocean primary productivity, better understanding of environmental factors limiting
carbon fixation in the ocean, and calibration of airborne/satellite color ocean sensors.
The instrument will stimulate Photosystem II of marine phytoplankton in the absorption
band of 410-490 nm by a series of flashes. Using high energy, high repetition rate
flashes, the phytoplankton fluorescence response, monitored at 685 nm, will be a
function of the absorption cross section of Photosystem II, the turnover time of
photosynthetic apparatus, and current photosynthetic rate under ambient irradiance.
We will investigate several methods of generating the excitation signal such as xenon
flashlamps, blue light emitting diodes (LED's), or frequency doubled, solid-state
lasers. Based on a choice of the excitation source, we will design a bench model
of the fluorometer and test our experimental protocol in laboratory conditions using
several species of marine phytoplankton. Successful completion of this program will
lead to development of a submersible version of the fluorometer, and further efforts
toward commercialization of the instrument.
The proposed fluorometer, besides measuring the chlorophyll concentration, will measure
primary productivity, characterize photosynthetic parameters of phytoplankton, and
determine the nutrient/contamination status of a given body of water. Because of
these capabilities, it will complement or replace the standard profiling fluorometer
currently used on oceanographic research vessels. This type of instrument will be
in high demand for EOS and NASA supported research programs as a means of providing
ground truth data for algorithm development.
oceanography, primary productivity, photosynthesis, fluorescence

Project Title:

A Multi-Band Sea Surface Temperature Infrared Radiometer

08.18-1512
900768
A Multi-Band Sea Surface Temperature Infrared Radiometer

Abstract:

Recent research has shown the importance of calibrating/verifying satellite sea surface
temperature (SST) radiometers using shipboard "skin" radiometric thermometers rather
than buoy in situ thermometers. Since the satellite radiometers measure skin SST
brightness temperature, verification sensors should measure the identical skin temperature
to achieve optimum satellite radiometer accuracy. Bulk and skin SST's can differ
by as much as 2oC, with the skin typically 0.6oC cooler than the bulk temperature.
We propose a 5-band ship-mounted, down-looking infrared radiometric calibrator to
measure sea surface brightness-temperature to a precision of 0.02oC. The proposed
device is an evolutionary extension of an existing OPHIR 4.25-3.7um airborne radiometer.
The sea surface temperature radiometer proposed will be used for sea truth calibration/verification
of the existing AVHRR and planned MODIS satellite sea-viewing radiometers. The proposed
radiometric calibrator is an improvement over current sensors in that it have very
high 0.02oC Theoretical precision, achieves NBS intercomparison traceability in the
field through a seawater bucket calibration standard and two internal blackbodies,
and is designed to use five channels which match exactly the channel parameters of
the planned Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Nadir (MODIS-N) SST radiometer
soon to fly on the EOS satellite.
The primary application is in ground truth calibration of NASA satellite radiometers
for oceanographic and climatic research. The proposed shipboard radiometer could
also be used is fisheries research, to monitor global temperature rises, and to help
predict hurricane paths by airborne monitoring of sea temperature heat patterns.
radiometer, infrared, sea surface temperature, satellite, remote-sensing

Project Title:

Electronically Tuned Imaging Spectrometer with Variable Resolution

08.19-0867
901552
Electronically Tuned Imaging Spectrometer with Variable Resolution

Abstract:

A high performance rapid scanning imaging spectrometer is proposed in response to
the requirements describe in NASA SWIR program solicitation subtopic No 08.19. The
proposed system uses an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as the wavelength tuning
device. A risk reduction effort is proposed for Phase I. The R&D tasks include (a)
to develop innovative approaches to vary the spectral bandpass of the AOTF; (b) to
perform theoretical and experimental research on the imaging characteristics of AOTFs.
The results of Phase I effort will be used for the design and construction of a high
performance imaging spectrometer in Phase II.
The AOTF to be developed in the proposed program can be used in a variety of commercial
applications that include industry process control (e.g., thin film monitoring, color
separation), multi-color display, pollution monitoring, optical communication (wavelength
multiplexing, covert communication) and medical instrumentation.
electronically tuned spectrometer, acousto-optic tunable filter, variable resolution,
imaging

Project Title:

Optical Components and Design Tools -Cryogenic Telescopes

08.19-1667
901632
Optical Components and Design Tools -Cryogenic Telescopes

Abstract:

Improved optical fabrication methods are needed to support instrument development
for earth science and astrophysics. This proposal is concerned with the efficient
production of advanced optics typical of those employed in orbiting spectrometers.
Recent production technology allows efficient fabrication of all metal telescopes
and cameras. Micro-machining of optical surfaces and of precision mounting points,
low stress plating and new design methods and stabilization procedures are all factors.
An all metal telescope/camera may have further advantage where the system is required
to operate at reduced temperatures. If such a telescope assumes a different thermodynamic
equilibrium, it may be expected to maintain focus and optical performance. We propose
to employ OCA's metal optics technology (micromachining, plating, design methods
and stabilization procedures) to produce telescope that will be suitable for subsequent
cryogenic test by JPL. Such a telescope would employ aluminum substrate optics and
aluminum metric struts. Subsequent cryogenic tests at JPL (not costed in this proposal)
would verify the feasibility of current state-of-the-art metal telescopes/cameras
for cooled spaceborne spectrometer functions.
The technology is applicable to a wide range of commercial applications where difficult
aspheric optics must be fabricated economically and be functional over a broad range
of temperatures.
athermal aspheric optics cryogenic aluminum spectrometer nickel SPDT

Project Title:

A Method of Producing Ultrasmooth Precision Visible and X-ray Mirror Blanks with

08.19-3972
900167
A Method of Producing Ultrasmooth Precision Visible and X-ray Mirror Blanks with

Abstract:

Ultrastructured Materials
The approach described has the potential of producing aspheric mirrors with order-of
magnitude improvements in two key areas:  surface finish, figure, and lightness for
small and medium sized (or mosaic) mirror blanks; the time and cost required to produce
quality aspheric mirror blanks for large projects. The traditional sequence of grinding
and polishing is reversed by the use of ultra-structure processing to replace mechanical
methods of material removal. The method starts with a chemical-mechanical polished,
flat silicon wafer of the type used in the semiconductor industry. The wafer is bent
to the desired shape by the formation of stressed layers of silicon dioxode, silicon
nitride, borophosphatesilicater glass, etc. The bending can be modulated to complex
shapes by thinning the wafer in selected regions through anisotropic etching of the
back of the wafer. The stressed layers together with the etched pattern precisely
control the topology of the smooth surface. This method is potentially capable of
controlling figure and smoothness on atomic dimensions. Phase I research will show
feasibility by:  measurement of the mechanical properties of the stressing layers;
computer simulation of the strongly interacting forces which control the surface
topology; and precise measurement of surface topology.
This innovation may be commercialized as precision, ultrasmooth light weight mirror
blanks, spheric and aspheric mirror blanks, and curved substrates for x-ray optical
elements. The anticipated benefits are:  less skilled labor; less costly processing
equipment; and surface topology can be complex. Applications include:  infrared,
visible light and x-ray beam handling; x-ray imaging--telescopes and microscopes;
x-ray astronomy; x-ray microlithography--masks, beam handling, demagnification; x-ray
analysis; optical computing and processing.
precision optics, aspheric mirrors, micromachining, anisotropic etching, bending
silicon wafers, x-ray astronomy, x-ray lithography

Project Title:

Optical Coatings for Infrared Detectors Using Pulsed RF Plasma Polymerizations

08.19-7045
902035
Optical Coatings for Infrared Detectors Using Pulsed RF Plasma Polymerizations

Abstract:

This proposal describes a new approach to optical coatings for IR detectors. Specifically,
it centers on the use of a novel pulsed RF plasma deposition process developed in
our laboratories. With respect to optical coatings, the pulsed RF plasma technique
is shown to have significant advantages over other coating methods such as continuous
wave plasma and other CVD and conventional methods. These advantages include:  variation
in the molecular composition of the film with changes in duty cycle for a given monomer;
better control of film thickness; and the ability to deposit optical grade coatings
while maintaining the substrate at temperatures below 45oC. As documented in this
proposal, it is felt that the use of the pulsed RF plasma technique developed is
especially well suited for the production of anti-reflective coatings for IR detectors.
For example, the variation in molecular composition of the film with plasma duty
cycle results in a tunability of the refractive index of the resulting film for a
given monomer. By controlling both refractive index and film thickness, it is possible
to eliminate reflection from IR detectors for a specified incident wavelength. The
process described is especially promising for far IR detectors. Additionally, it
is shown that these films can provide improved protection for these detectors from
environmental degradation processes. This could prove especially beneficial for low
earth orbit materials subjected to oxygen atom attack. Finally, it is noted that
although the technology described emphasizes optical coatings for IR detectors, ultimately
it is anticipated that the controllability of film composition obtained with pulsed
RF plasmas will be applicable to a variety of other applications.
There are a wide variety of potential commercial applications for the technology
described in this proposal. Anti-reflective coatings are required in a vast array
of electro-optic devices in communications, laboratory instrumentation and night
vision goggles. Additionally, the technology described should be useful in a variety
of additional applications such as thin film dielectric constant materials.
optical coatings, infrared detectors, anti-reflective coatings, pulsed plasmas

Project Title:

Automated, Deterministic Asphere Fabrication

08.20-1040A
900958
Automated, Deterministic Asphere Fabrication

Abstract:

Ion beam figuring techniques will be applied to figure aspheric optical elements.
A lens will be corrected for 5th order aberrations as a demonstration. Simulated
ion beam figuring of more complex elements will be performed to illustrate the power
of the technique.
Ion beam figuring is a deterministic figuring process which has wide ranging application
as an optical processing technique.
ion beam, figuring, optical, substrate, automated

Project Title:

Aspheric Surface Figuring Using Plasma Assisted Chemical Etching

08.20-1667
900688
Aspheric Surface Figuring Using Plasma Assisted Chemical Etching

Abstract:

The proposed project is designed ultimately to result in an automated method for
the direct fabrication of finished, precision aspheric surfaces on silicon optical
elements using a plasma assisted chemical etching (PACE) process. This method would
make possible the figuring of such surfaces, beginning with simple polished, spherical
substrates in a single operation. The Phase I effort will focus on the selection
of appropriate plasma parameters and fluorinated etchant gas chemistries which produce
sufficiently smooth surface etching, while providing the removal rate and etch footprint
character necessary to produce smooth figure using our automated aspherizing approach.
Experiments will be conducted using silicon wafers to quantify removal rates, footprint
contours and surface roughness using candidate PACE configurations.j  These experiments
will employ our existing prototype PACE aspheric figuring system. The results of
the Phase I Program will define a plasma etching configuration which can meet the
requirements of the automated one-step optical figuring process.
The resulting capability would make possible the use of inexpensive aspheric silicon
optical elements in systems which operate in the 3-5 micrometer infrared wavelength
region. The anticipated simplification and improved performance of these systems
would make possible significant cost reduction.
plasma, etching, aspheric, figuring, automation, optics, silicon, infrared

Project Title:

Generation of Large Optical Surfaces Through CNC Thermally Assisted Ductile Regime

08.20-6881A
900589
Generation of Large Optical Surfaces Through CNC Thermally Assisted Ductile Regime

Abstract:

Grinding
Ductile Chip formation mechanisms, unlike brittle chip formation typically observed
in diamond grinding of ceramics, do not leave behind surface or subsurface microcracks.
Accordingly, machine processes involving polishing can be eliminated from fabrication
if material removal during grinding occurs through ductile chip formation. A ductile
chip formation is essentially an extrusion process where an instability is created
and a chip is formed. However, this method of grinding requires high specific energy
and can cause excessive machine vibrations, thus affecting the accuracy of surface
generation. The innovation in this proposal is to improve ductile grinding of brittle
materials by introducing a predetermined pattern of microcracks within the intended
depth of cut of the workpiece. This may be achieved by introducing a suitably pulsating
thermal field immediately ahead of the grinding zone. The modulii of the ceramic
material in the thermally induced micro-cracked layer will be considerably lower
than that of the virgin material and extruding the micro-cracked layer to produce
a ductile chip will consume significantly less specific energy.j  Such a process
will not require further polishing. Machine vibrations will be substantially reduced
and low specific energy will allow the use of SiC wheels which will make the grinding
process more economical.
This research could lead to an improved fabrication process for the generation of
large optical surfaces. Other commercial applications are foreseen in surface preparation
of ceramic components for elimination of surface flaws for parts that see considerable
stress at their surfaces.
optical, grinding, polishing, ductile flow, glass, ceramic, microcracks

Project Title:

Environment for Spacecraft Contamination Assessment (ESCA)

08.21-2200
901456
Environment for Spacecraft Contamination Assessment (ESCA)

Abstract:

This development effort is aimed at the definition of a comprehensive expert system
for the study, management, and analytical treatment of Contamination Control technologies,
including treatment and processing of flight measurement data. The system will provide
management support, flight data and historical data utilization, selection and performance
of analytical steps, and contamination program monitoring.j  The proposed innovation
will also be capable of integrating historical data to current programs, thereby
providing a comprehensive support to the Contamination Engineering approach implementation.
No currently available implementation provides such a level of engineering support,
user control, and flexibility. The system as such, or evolutions, thereof, may find
applications within many NASA endeavors, as well as in commercial environments.
A technologically advanced software system of the type proposed here will find a
wide range of applications in the commercial arena. Commercial organization will
be interested in this product, including:  spacecraft developers, engineering companies,
clean-room technology companies, etc. Several Agencies of the Federal Government
may have a very strong interest in applying this technology.
contamination control, expert systems, engineering support

Project Title:

High Spatial Resolution E x B Magnetic Field Probe

08.22-3434
901463
High Spatial Resolution E x B Magnetic Field Probe

Abstract:

A novel magnetic field probe is proposed that has the potential to measure intense
fields with high spatial resolution. This device comprises an electron emitting electrode
and an electron collector arranged in an E x B configuration, where E is the electric
field vector, and B is the magnetic field vector. The electric field is temporally
varied, and electrons flow to the collector only when the applied potential is sufficient
to overcome magnetic insulation by B. Monitoring the time or voltage when the current
can flow is used to determine the magnetic field. The device should have fast temporal
response (dc to 1 MHz). The proposed research will study the dynamics of the electron
flow and determine suitable geometries. The feasibility of a practical probe will
be investigated by calculation of the principal scaling laws and making estimates
of the spatial resolution, sensitivity, precision, and dynamic range. Small scale
table-top experiments will be performed to validate analytic and numerical models.
Critical issues to be pursued in subsequent research will be identified.
The proposed device has potential applications in the precision mapping and monitoring
of magnetic fields in charged particle instrumentation (e.g., magnetic spectrometers),
particle accelerators (for radiation processing, scientific research, and medical
therapy), and precision magnets for industrial and medical use.
magnetic field probe, magnetometer, magnetic insulation, magnetic sensor

Project Title:

Growth of Lead Carbonate Scintillator Crystals

08.23-0760
901518
Growth of Lead Carbonate Scintillator Crystals

Abstract:

This proposal is in response to the call for large volume high-density high-Z scintillator
crystals for anti-coincidence shielding of gamma ray astronomy detectors. The combined
requirements of high capture probability and ultrashort coincidence windows (i.e.
decay times) closely resemble the requirements for positron emission tomography (PET)
scintillators. A recent extensive survey at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory indicates
that cerussite (naturally occurring PbC03) is the best material found to date for
both applications. At present, no technique for the growth of large pure PbC03 crystals
has been developed. We propose to explore three novel techniques and develop one
of them for the commercial production of large pure optically perfect lead carbonate
scintillator crystals.
These crystals should be the material of choice for all coincidence and anti-coincidence
scintillator applications. Therefore, if a growth technique can be successfully developed
and economically commercialized, it should acquire most of the market for such applications,
including the potentially extensive use of PET for diagnosis of cancer and Alzheimer's
disease.
scintillators, gamma ray astronomy, tomography, coincidence, high atomic number,
lead carbonate, cerussite

Project Title:

New Concepts for HGI2-Scintillator Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

08.24-6655
900787
New Concepts for HGI2-Scintillator Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

Abstract:

The innovation proposed is a high energy gamma ray spectrometer based upon crystal
scintillators optically coupled to unique, advanced HgI2 photodetectors (in contrast
to coupling the scintillators to the more conventional light sensors, i.e., photomultiplier
tubes (PMTs)). Advantages include greater ruggedness, improved (up to 2X) energy
resolution, markedly smaller size and weight (not much in excess of the scintillator,
alone), reduced power, and insensitivity to magnetic field perturbations. The objective
of Phase I will be to build and/or test and evaluate three novel concepts relating
to the proposed gamma ray spectrometer innovation:  new design concepts for the HgI2
photocell, including a novel transparent entrance electrode and packaging suitable
for space/vacuum applications; multiple HgI2 detectors coupled to a scintillator
for improved light collection and spectrometer performance; and a novel material
which could be positioned between the scintillator and the photodetector to shift
the wavelength to better match the spectral response of the photodetector and possibly
amplify the light signal. Satisfactory completion of this work will verify the usefulness
of the innovation and provide data leading to a Phase II program aimed at full development
and refinement, followed by the later, Phase III commercial production of these devices.
HgI2 photodetectors developed under this proposed work will have application to many
other light sensing and measuring applications. The special advantages of HgI2 photosensors
for gamma ray scintillator detection systems (very low noise, no cryogenic requirements,
etc.) make them ideal for use in instrumentation for high energy physics research,
health physics, personnel monitoring, medical research, and other applications.
HgI2, gamma-ray, spectroscopy, radiation, detector, sensor, scintillator

Project Title:

NASA Three-Dimensional Underwater Positioning System

08.25-1311
900024
NASA Three-Dimensional Underwater Positioning System

Abstract:

The proposed three-dimensional underwater positioning system development will be
based on modification of the 300KHz sonic high accuracy positioning system (SHARPS)
to operate at 1MHz in order to obtain the required resolution. The modifications
will provide the precision required by NASA to detect targets at distances up to
75 feet with a resolution of 0.063 inches. The 1MHz sonic sensor system will provide
accurate three-dimensional measurements for NASA during hardware development and
testing at the neutral buoyancy simulator (NBS). The modified SHARPS transducer combined
with the modified SHARPS software will provide accurate three-dimensional measurements
to interface with and drive the NASA computer controlled equipment. Applied Sonics
Corporation (ASC), developer of the 300KHz SHARPS technology, will design the 1MHz
transducer modifications. The firm will fabricate and develop the 1MHz SHARPS system
including:  the transducer hardware, modifications to the SHARPS software, the interface
for the MSFC computer, the test requirements, the test plan and procedures, and conduct
the necessary testing. It is proposed that the new hardware and software modifications
under-go verification, validation and development testing at the contractors facility
and then, MGI will perform an on-site demonstration of the 1MHz SHARPS system at
MSFC, Huntsville, Alabama. During the on-site demonstration a complete assessment
of the MSFC system requirements will be determined for the Phase II efforts.
The innovative short range high accuracy SHARPS will find application in precision
control of underwater vehicles working around ship hulls, in restricted spaces, around
piers, and in steel and other tanks, as well as in precision underwater surveying
and scale model testing required for the design of offshore structures.
sonics, acoustics, high frequency, three-dimensional positioning, precision measurements,
underwater position

Project Title:

Adaptation of a Multi-Channel Structural Analyzer as an Integrated Controls-Structures

09.01-1911
901398
Adaptation of a Multi-Channel Structural Analyzer as an Integrated Controls-Structures

Abstract:

Design and Analysis Tool
Methods of adapting a commercial multi-channel structural analyzer to perform integration
of controls-structures design and analysis is being investigated. The fundamental
architecture of certain multi-channel structural analyzers may be augmented with
appropriate real-time microcode functions to allow both control design researchers
and structural dynamicists to use a single platform for the development of test methods
for the implementation of controller designs and system identification. The findings
will aid in the analysis and solution of problems associated with ground testing
of large space structures and ultimately contribute to improvements in the design
of those large space structures and their control systems. The project will also
solicit communication between the two technologies of controls and structures and
increase the sharing of test requirements. Phase I will determine the feasibility
of such an adaptation and what, if any, modifications to hardware and software will
be necessary to conduct an integrated demonstration on a NASA test structure during
Phase II. Commercially available controls design and analysis software packages will
be evaluated as the front-end design processor for the multi-channel structural analyzer.
The integration of a single platform for controls-structures design will provide
NASA and numerous commercial large spacecraft designers with a lower cost, higher
fidelity method for developing and testing control theory for current as well as
future large space structures. It will also illustrate the benefits to researchers
for merging the controls and structures test and design fields.
structural control, structural analysis, control design test methods, controls structures
interaction, structural dynamics

Project Title:

A Hybrid Analytical-Intelligent Approach to Fault-Tolerant Control of Large Space

09.01-9995
900800
A Hybrid Analytical-Intelligent Approach to Fault-Tolerant Control of Large Space

Abstract:

Structures
This project combines hybrid control-theoretic techniques and artificial-intelligence
for the design of fault-tolerant control strategies for large space structures. Available
AI-based or purely control-theoretic techniques for fault-tolerant control offer
no unified methodology to integrate the diverse issues of system modeling, fault
detection and isolation, fault propagation, system restructuring, and controller
reconfiguration. This project capitalizes upon structural features of the system.
The fault-tolerant design procedure entails the combination of signal redundancy
and fuzzy logic. When a fault is detected, causal or qualitative reasoning is used
to model its propagation to adjacent subsystems. The system is restructured next
by isolating faulty components. Finally, a design method is suggested leading to
a structural control law that reconfigures the original system controller in order
to meet the primary objective of guaranteed stability while the system is operating
in a degraded mode. Algorithmic developments are to be demonstrated using the Thermal
Control System of the space station's common module as the test bed.
This project will introduce innovative methods to the fault-tolerant control of space
vehicles and other complex processes. Software packages and controller-sensor-actuator
configurations would be provided for a variety of applications.
fault-tolerant control, large-scale systems, reconfigurable control

Project Title:

A Digital Processor for an Earth-Horizon-Sensor Attitude Control System

09.03-7640
901093
A Digital Processor for an Earth-Horizon-Sensor Attitude Control System

Abstract:

A project leading to definition of a digital processor system for small spacecraft
is being conducted. The first task will examine several small satellite programs
to determine a typical, small satellite mission. The second task of the program will
translate these requirements into specific requirements for a specific attitude control
system that will guide hardware and software decisions to follow. Hardware questions
such as interfaces, processor choices, memory and speed requirements will be determined
and will result in a preliminary block diagram and weight and power budget. The software
requirements will be examined and recommendations for an operating system and a language
will be made. A top level software block diagram will be prepared.
The digital processor would be sold to government and private spacecraft manufacturers
that do not have or do not wish to use their own computers. The software will serve
the same market as well as support host computer applications.
processor, software, satellites, attitude, systems, spacecraft

Project Title:

Colored Noise Simulation and Characterization and Effects on Attitude Accuracy

09.04-2700
901475
Colored Noise Simulation and Characterization and Effects on Attitude Accuracy

Abstract:

Standard techniques for the estimation of attitude-determination accuracy assume
that the input sensor data has uncorrelated, white noise, and simulators generally
provide white noise. However, real sensor noise is generally observed to have more
dominant lower frequency components. Therefore, this project will develop software
to simulate colored noise efficiently, test the noise characteristics, and estimate
the impact of the noise characteristics on the predicted attitude-determination accuracy.
This project will also explore efficient noise characterization as a means of automatically
identifying subtle anomalies in real data. This work has not been done previously
and will add an important perspective in the understanding of obtainable attitude
accuracies with realistic data. It will also provide new tools for realistic data
simulation, flight data characterization, and anomaly identification. These tools
will be developed on a PC.
Practical analysis of obtainable attitude-determination  accuracies would be of wide
interest. Further, a commercial analysis tool based on this methodology could be
applied to a wide range of error analysis problems. The automated anomaly identification
techniques investigated could also find wide application.
attitude control, sensor noise, noise simulation, attitude determination accuracy

Project Title:

Compact LIDAR for Simultaneous Range and Velocity Measurements

09.05-1010
901190
Compact LIDAR for Simultaneous Range and Velocity Measurements

Abstract:

A coherent LIDAR system for measuring the range and velocity of solid objects will
be developed. The illumination and local oscillator beam are both derived from a
frequency modulated laser. For stationary targets, this causes a beat signal related
to the range-induced time delay of the target scatter. For moving targets the range-induced
beat note appears at a Doppler shifted position. An appropriate modulation format
can decouple the effects of range and velocity; the method allows one to distinguish
between receding and advancing targets. The compactness, alignment robustness, and
sensitivity are enhanced by an innovative transceiver and mixer scheme based on fiber-optic
waveguides. Fiber-optic components minimize space requirements and inherently guarantee
high mixing efficiencies. A single-mode transmit and receive aperture optimally match
the receiving and transmitting directivities. A balanced mixer scheme liberates the
system from laser excess noise, leading to shot noise limited detection at low frequencies.
Estimates indicate excellent potential for measuring the range and radial velocity
with a precision in excess of 1 percent and .003 m/sec, respectively.
The benefits of the innovation are in the realm of motion control, flow measurements,
and ranging. The compactness and advanced features of the approach may prove valuable
in situations with a need of high performance at minimum space consumption.
LIDAR, LDV, heterodyne detection, monostatic transceiver

Project Title:

Laboratory Demonstration of Innovative, Compact Three-Dimensional Imaging Sensor

09.05-5649
900933
Laboratory Demonstration of Innovative, Compact Three-Dimensional Imaging Sensor

Abstract:

This project will experimentally determine the feasibility of obtaining a high resolution,
three-dimensional image of a scene using an innovative, focal-plane processor to
produce a compact optical sensor. The innovative technique is in the gating of the
image intensifier to demodulate an amplitude modulated laser beam. This optical homodyne
process uses focal-plane processing to acquire the three-dimensional scene. The advantages
of this sensor over existing sensors will be reduced size and weight, reduced power
consumption, and increased reliability. The sensor's range and reflectance imagery
performance will be equal to or exceed current-generation sensors. This three-dimensional
sensor can be used to enhance the performance of NASA tasks which include autonomous
and tele-operated robotic applications for maintenance and satellite retrieval as
well as space vehicle rendezvous and docking. The efforts will use five major components:
 an RF modulated laser diode; an imaging lens; a gated image intensifier; a CCD camera;
and a data acquisition system. This configuration will be used to obtain range imagery
and to characterize fully the focal-plane signal processing, Fourier terms, and system
effects from laser power, ambient light, standoff distance, and target reflectivity.
In the maturing field of image processing and machine vision, there is potential
for using a three-dimensional sensor as a substitute for a two-dimensional video
camera to improve performance in quality control, mensuration, robotic bin picking
applications, and autonomous guided vehicle maneuverability. A sensor of this type
is also suitable for use on tele-operated robotic manipulators for hazardous waste,
nuclear contaminated sites, and bomb disposal.
three-dimensional, focal-plane signal processing, image intensifier

Project Title:

Log-Polar Binocular Vision System

09.05-8988A
901696
Log-Polar Binocular Vision System

Abstract:

This project is addressing the design of a new binocular, stereo, robotic vision
system three orders of magnitude more efficient and compact than is possible with
conventional approaches. The approach is based on log-polar coordinate, image plane
sensor arrays rather than conventional, Cartesian-coordinate-based arrays. Significant
reductions in pixel count and computations per pixel result. The proposed system
adds passive, three-dimensional sensing capability to robotic vision systems for
STS docking, planetary landing, EVA retrieval, Space Station construction, and the
FTS. The dramatic improvement in compactness and energy consumption over alternative
three-dimensional sensing methods is crucial for space vehicle feasibility. Phase
I will develop algorithms, test them on NASA imagery, and design laboratory prototype
hardware to be constructed in Phase II.
Applications include three-dimensional vision for manipulation, assembly, docking,
navigation.
robot vision, binocular vision, stereo vision, log-polar sensors, polar exponential
grids, remappers

Project Title:

Log-Hough Transform Feature Detector

09.05-8988B
901695
Log-Hough Transform Feature Detector

Abstract:

Prototype hardware will be designed for executing the log-Hough transform on imagery
at video frame rates. This transform, recently developed by the principal investigator,
is three orders of magnitude more efficient than the traditional Cartesian Hough
transform. The Hough transform is a powerful technique to identify robustly extended
linear features despite the presence of gaps and noise. Examples range from Space
Station structural elements to orbital debris tracks. Space applications include
autonomous, visual docking and robotic constructions. Ground support applications
include high-speed, automatic recognition of orbital debris tracks in star field
imagery. Preliminary feasibility studies indicate that orbital debris processing
can be achieved at rates of 33 ms per image using hardware hosted in the backplane
of a single IBM PC/AT compatible computer. NASA has applied log-polar coordinate
mapping in the design of efficient visual tracking and docking systems. The addition
of the log-Hough transform to these systems enhances their capabilities to much broader
applications in robotic vision. Linear features are a cornerstone of pattern recognition.
The ability to recognize them quickly in compact hardware is a powerful attribute
which will benefit robot vision systems generally.
Application could occur in robotic vision for manipulation, assembly, docking, navigation,
and processing satellite imagery (e.g., road finding).
robot vision, Hough transform, log-polar sensors, polar exponential grids, remappers

Project Title:

Surface-Discharge, AC-Plasma, Color, Flat-Panel Display for Space Station Applications

09.06-1024
900284
Surface-Discharge, AC-Plasma, Color, Flat-Panel Display for Space Station Applications

Abstract:

Large-area, high-resolution, full-color, flat-panel displays are not currently available
from any manufacturer. Photonics Imaging proposes to develop such a display with
both gray scale and video capability using a new ac plasma memory panel structure.
Plasma displays are the leading flat-panel color technology being developed in Japan
for large-area, high-definition television. Tremendous progress in these devices
has occurred over the past few years. The primary objective of Phase I is to demonstrate
the feasibility and characteristics of the new ac-plasma structure and compare its
performance to more conventional double-substrate, color-plasma panels currently
under development. A surface-discharge panel structure appears to offer a number
of important technical and manufacturing advantages over present plasma configurations
being investigated today. A minimum of 16 panels will be fabricated, with four critical
parameters systematically varied. These panels will have a picture resolution of
128 x 128 cells. Phase II will optimize the panel structure to produce a 19-inch-diagonal,
640 x 480 pixel full-color display. This display will be delivered to NASA with dynamic
drive electronics and demonstration software.
The color dot-matrix flat-panel display has numerous applications, including:  laptop
computers, workstations, high- definition television, avionics, medial imaging, CAD/CAM,
military command and control, scientific instruments, navigation and communication
systems, air traffic control, radar and sonar systems, interactive educational systems,
personnel training and simulators, sensor monitors, etc.
color flat display, color ac-plasma, surface discharge panel

Project Title:

High-Efficiency Backlight for Color LCD Displays

09.06-9388
900534
High-Efficiency Backlight for Color LCD Displays

Abstract:

Recently developed, commercial, laptop, LCD terminals, using a powder electro-luminescent
backlight with a super-twist, LCD display surface, exhibit much improved viewing
contrast and battery life. The backlight system still consumers 90% of the power.
In the case of color LCD displays, the backlight power consumption is even worse.
As much as 96% of the battery power is wasted on the in-efficiency of the backlight
system. A high- efficiency backlight system, based on the use of thin-film electroluminscence
(TFEL) color stripes as the light source coupled with concentrating optics could
have a significant impact on battery life for a portable computer. In particular,
the new color backlight design could result in a factor of 10 increase in efficiency
over the current design. Other features include minimum backlight thickness and excellent
temperature stability. Phase I will establish the feasibility and compatibility of
the various components required for this advance.
The high-efficiency backlight will have immediate commercial application in existing
color LCD portable computer terminals. In addition, the system will be useful for
color LCD displays for avionic use.
color liquid crystal display, electroluminscence backlight

Project Title:

MMIC Circulator for Spacecraft Data Transfer Applications

09.07-7267
900046
MMIC Circulator for Spacecraft Data Transfer Applications

Abstract:

To realize the full potential of the monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC)
technology, it is necessary to develop MMIC-compatible circuit technologies for non-reciprocal
circuit functions. Based on demonstrated capabilities of active MMIC circulators
operating in micro-wave frequencies, this project will extend design capabilities
up to K and Ka-band frequencies. Availability of MMIC circulators will lead to a
higher scale of integration with attendant size and weight reduction and reliability
improvement for the total RF equipment. Phase I will establish the design approach
and expected RF performance characteristics of K-band circulators and provide a baseline
for product demonstration in Phase II.
Applications include microwave communications, microwave sensing and ranging, and
instrumentation.
FET circulator, MMIC circulator

Project Title:

Using Presses and Sintered Bi-Sb to Improve Thermoelectric Coolers Below 200K

09.09-4900
901188
Using Presses and Sintered Bi-Sb to Improve Thermoelectric Coolers Below 200K

Abstract:

This project lays the foundation for the development of a practical thermoelectric
cooler which will obtain colder temperatures than 160K and/or higher efficiencies
than coolers available today when operating below 200K. The improved thermoelectric
cooler would utilize N type Bi-Sb, produced via powder metallurgy, in the stages
operating below 220K. This work would be a departure from traditional Bi-Sb research
which has concentrated on the production of single crystal materials. The scope of
Phase I is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing N type Bi-Sb through powder
metallurgy which offers a myriad of advantages over conventional single crystal Bi-Sb.
Bi-Sb, produced via powder metallurgy, is easier to produce, dimension, and handle
than single crystal Bi-Sb. The fine grained microstructure produced by powder metallurgy
also eliminates the danger of catastrophic failure due to cleavage, which is a serious
problem with single crystal Bi-Sb. When successful, N type Bi-Sb will be incorporated
into thermoelectric coolers resulting in lower operating temperature capabilities
and higher efficiencies.
High performance thermoelectric coolers would open up potential applications such
as medical instruments, night vision systems for commercial security and law enforcement,
thermal detection devices for quality inspection techniques and eventually cooling
superconductors.
thermoelectric cooling, bismuth antimony, powder metallurgy, high reliability

Project Title:

Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems

09.09-6352
901951
Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems

Abstract:

A new approach to closed-cycle, cryogenic cooling will be developed using a polymer-membrane-based,
electrochemically driven, cryostat which uses oxygen as the two phase working fluid
in a modified Linde-Hampson double expansion cycle. The cycle permits the use of
advanced membranes in an electrochemical compressor. Improvements in size and cost
by a factor least two with no increase in coefficient of performance are projected.
Like the other electrochemical compressors the firm has built, the proposed electrochemical
cryostat has no moving parts. Phase I addresses the feasibility issues surrounding
the cryostat with an experimental investigation of both anionic an cationic cell
performance. An approach to water management for the cryostat will be analytically
investigated. The firm has pioneered the development of electrochemical refrigeration
compressors and complete systems using hydrogen-water and hydrogen-ammonia binary
working fluids.
This approach will permit the replacement of conventional mechanically driven, compressor
cryogenic systems with electrochemical units. Cost and operational advantages are
expected.
electrochemical compressor, cryostat, oxygen

Project Title:

Improved Regenerator Materials for Cryocoolers

09.10-2231
900166
Improved Regenerator Materials for Cryocoolers

Abstract:

Japanese researchers have recently developed Er-based alloys having large specific
heats below 15K and have demonstrated improved regenerator performance using these
materials. These alloys, however, are very expensive and brittle. This project is
based on inexpensive ceramics having much larger (peak) specific hearts than the
ER-based alloys. To overcome the low thermal conductivities of these ceramics, they
will be loaded in powder form into cesium and thallous halides that have metallic-like
thermal conductivities. An additional benefit of this composite approach is that
the grain size of the ceramic powder broadens the specific heat peak. The positions
of the specific heat peaks can be temperature-shifted by doping, and one Fe-doped
case will be investigated. (A substantial database exists on these ceramics from
previous Air Force programs aimed at other applications, including a variety of dopant
effects.) In Phase I, a matrix of composite samples will be made with powder grain
sizes of 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 m, and the thermal properties of these composites will
be measured from 4.2 to 15K. The hardness of these composites will also be measured,
and specific composites will be recommended for a Phase II program aimed at regenerator
and cryocooler testings.
This project applies to improved regenerative-cycle cryocooling for space applications,
cryopumps, cooling of MRI magnet shields, etc.
regenerator, cryocooler, specific hear

Project Title:

Small Liquid Pump for Space Thermal Systems

09.10-3200
902070
Small Liquid Pump for Space Thermal Systems

Abstract:

There are various uses in satellites and space platforms for small liquid pumps capable
of operating with very low suction pressure; e.g., for ammonia thermal buses, enhancement
of heat pipe radiators, and internal (habitable) thermal control using water. A tiny
rotary pump capable of several cm3/s flow suitable for 2 kW thermal load with ammonia
will be demonstrated. It will be designed and tested for very low suction-specific
speed. Phase II should be refinement of design and life testing.
Commercial satellites can be expected to grow in size, requiring more complex thermal
buses and deployed radiators to optimize the overall design. Availability of good
micropumps will permit improved system performance and economy.
thermal bus, pump, suction head, ammonia

Project Title:

Spacecraft Thermal Management Using Metal Matrix Composite

09.10-8177
901884
Spacecraft Thermal Management Using Metal Matrix Composite

Abstract:

The thermal conductivity of graphite-aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC) has been
show to be significantly greater than that of unreinforced aluminum. Related investigations
have further shown that substitution of graphite-aluminum MMC for aluminum in space-based
radiators can improve thermal transfer by more than 25 percent while simultaneously
reducing radiator weight. Continued analysis implies that, by substituting copper
matrix MMC for the aluminum matrix MMC, a substantially grater heat transfer rate
is attainable with only a modest increase in radiator weight. Improvements in heat
transfer result from higher thermal conductivity plus the elevation of radiator operating
temperature. Other benefits are derived from the low, tailorable coefficient of thermal
expansion (CTE) of the MMC. The primary objective of Phase I is to establish how
graphite-copper can improve spacecraft thermal management and to show the extent
of this improvement when compared with either aluminum or copper alone.
Applications would be in space installations with high power requirements, i.e.,
communication satellites, inhabited space stations, and lunar and planetary bases.
metal matrix composites, thermal management, radiator, heat transfer

Project Title:

High-Temperature-Waste-Heat-Driven Cooling Using Complex Compound Sorption Media

09.11-0851A
900214
High-Temperature-Waste-Heat-Driven Cooling Using Complex Compound Sorption Media

Abstract:

Manned lunar bases will require cooling for dehumidification (about 40oF) an habitat
(60oF). Background temperature for heat rejection is 125oF, requiring reject temperatures
of 180oF or above. Waste heat will be available from the power generating system
above 500 K (440oF). Complex-compound sorption cycles can be used to provide cooling
and heat rejection at these temperatures, while being driven with waste heat near
500K. Waste-heat-driven cooling cycles will reduce load on the power generation system
while reducing total heat rejection. Complex-compound cycles are potentially ideal
for this application because they provide high temperature lift, are reliable (having
no moving parts), and are light. Efficiency can approach 80% of the Carnot limit.
Objectives of Phase I are to prove the concept in the laboratory and provide estimates
of mass and efficiency of an optimized system. The objective of Phase II will be
to demonstrate a cooling system optimized for lunar conditions and provide more accurate
mass and performance projections. Phase I efforts will be directed toward a small-scale
(up to about 100 W cooling) laboratory demonstration and computer modeling of a full-scale
heat pump.
The temperature range involved--heat recovery at 60oF with rejection at 190oF--fills
a need for industrial heat pumps for recovery of low-level waste heat and generation
of high temperature hot water. Such applications are prevalent in the brewery and
food processing industries.
refrigeration, heat pumps, absorption

Project Title:

High-Capacity Heat Pipe Radiator

09.11-3800A
900814
High-Capacity Heat Pipe Radiator

Abstract:

Heat rejection requirements of future space systems are projected to increase by
an order of magnitude over the coming decades to meet the needs of manned planetary
missions and bases. The Space Station Freedom alone will require 75 kW of heat rejection
at Assembly Complete (AC) and three to four times that capacity in the growth phase.
The Space Constructable Radiators (SCRs) represent the major weight component in
the thermal management system, contributing about 40 kg/kW of heat rejection capacity.
The SCRs also represent the largest components, with a stowed volume of 0.16 m3/kW.
Using present technology, the growth phase of the Space Station Freedom will require
transportation to space of 4 to 9 thousand kilograms of radiator panels at a cost
of about 40 to 90 million dollars. This proposal addresses the development of a novel
high-capacity, heat pipe radiator which has the potential to reduce the radiator
weight by a factor of 6 and the stowed volume by a factor of 10. The proposed radiator
would have a specific mass of about 0.7 kg/m2, which translates to about 6 kg/kW
for heat rejection at room temperature in near earth orbit. The radiator heat pipe
is also inherently resistant to depriming and its evaporator would have a significant
higher heat flux capability than present designs. In Phase I, the feasibility of
the concept will be demonstrated by designing the key elements of the radiator and
performing some proof-of-concept tests.
High-capacity heat pipe technology would have commercial application in the thermal
management of communication satellites and the cooling of high power electronic systems.
heat pipe, radiator, space contructable radiator

Project Title:

Solid-Solid, Phase-Change Materials for Low-Temperature Applications

09.12-5911
901523
Solid-Solid, Phase-Change Materials for Low-Temperature Applications

Abstract:

A polymeric composition which is specifically designed for low temperature (-500F
to -1500F) applications of all kinds will be investigated. The new material promises
to be capable of reversibly storing significant quantities of thermal energy using
only solid-solid phase transitions. It will also be possible to adjust the temperature
of the phase transitions as well as the thermal storage capacity. In addition, the
novel composition will be chemically inert and extremely stable to thermal stresses
of all kinds.
There is a significant commercial market for low temperature PCM materials. The storage
of biological samples, at low temperatures, is extremely important in the medicinal,
chemical, biological an botanical fields. The passive nature of the new PCMs will
allow them to be used for long periods of time, unattended, an without the need for
associated mechanical devices.
phase change material, low temperature, latent heat

Project Title:

Transient Model of Cryogenic-Bearing, Thermo-Mechanical Operating Characteristics

09.12-7000
901205
Transient Model of Cryogenic-Bearing, Thermo-Mechanical Operating Characteristics

Abstract:

Cryogenic liquid propulsion systems for manned spacecraft use high performance turbopumps
with rolling element bearings supporting the turbine and pump shaft. These bearings
operate at high speed in the cryogen being pumped and are highly loaded and poorly
lubricated. These conditions produce extreme system sensitivity to thermo-mechanical
interactions that causes rapid loss of operating clearance, increases in heat generation
and component temperatures, and rapid build up of contact stresses that can lead
to premature bearing deterioration or failure. Although codes exist that simulate
steady-state conditions for these systems, the start, shut down, and power transients
are beyond their scope. This project will investigate and define modeling techniques
to simulate the thermo-mechanical transient characteristics of turbopump bearing
systems operating in cryogenics. The feasibility of developing and installing the
simulation on a personal workstation will be investigated. The software  package
will be designed to augment current models of turbopump shaft-bearing systems. Given
the initial conditions, a description of the speed transient, including loads an
coolant flow, and the geometrical characteristics, the model will predict the transient
component temperatures and operating characteristics such as operating clearances,
contact angles, stresses, and load distributions. This information is very useful
in design evaluations, life assessments, and investigations of failure scenarios.
Models for predicting the thermo-mechanical transient characteristics of high speed
bearing systems operating in cryogenics could be modified for application to bearing
systems in commercial superchargers and turbochargers or other high speed rotating
machinery that use rolling element bearings.
rolling elements, bearings, cryogenic, transient, thermo-mechanical

Project Title:

SINDA/TRASYS Thermal Model Development Tool Using Interactive Color Graphics

09.12-8122
900114
SINDA/TRASYS Thermal Model Development Tool Using Interactive Color Graphics

Abstract:

This project will develop a non-proprietary, non-licensed, thermal model development
tool that is innovative in its simplicity and its ability to create interactively
SINDA and TRASYS models directly. The innovation will allow the user to graphically
construct geometry models for both of these codes in an interactive mode and view
 these models for completeness and accuracy from different perspectives through rotation
and tumbling animation. When satisfied that the model is correct, the user would
press a command key that instructs the graphics software to automatically output
a file that will be used to construct a computational grid network of the model.
The grid network will be visually displayed on the screen. Gird point packing and
clustering can be performed and the results viewed in real-time using grid cluster
controls from pre-programmed key strokes or "mouse" driven graphical software controls.
When satisfied with the nodal spacing, the user gives another key stroke command
which instructs the program to compute the input data set in the proper format for
SINDA and TRASYS applications. This data includes the node volumes, surface area
of the nodes, the internal conductances, and the thermal model. Using the thermal
environment data file which includes both the radiation environment from TRASYS and
the convective environment from MINIVER or a comparable heating program, the interface
routine computes the external surface convection coefficients and surface radiation
conductances which drive the SINDA thermal model.
This tool could be applied to firms currently using SINDA and TRASYS to design thermal
control systems, in particular, prime contractors of NASA on  major programs such
as the Space Station, Advanced Solid Rocket Motor Program, and the National Aerospace
Plane and the U.S. Army SDC in the design of advanced interceptors.
SINDA, TRASYS, interactive graphics, pre- and post-processor

Project Title:

Cryogenic Fluid Management for Spacecraft

09.13-3800
901295
Cryogenic Fluid Management for Spacecraft

Abstract:

This project, in Phase I, will develop theory and define the requirements of engineering
software and an engineering manual for some of the more challenging aspects of the
design of cryogenic fluid management systems. Particular attention will be given
to fluid and thermal management issues where the underlying scientific understanding
is in a state of rapid evolution.
This proposal is focused on immediate NASA needs for spacecraft development. Commercial
benefits will result from improved means to handle cryogens.
cryogenic fluid management, multiphase flow, unsteady flow, software

Project Title:

Flywheel Energy Storage for Electromechanical Actuation Systems

10.01-0540
901027
Flywheel Energy Storage for Electromechanical Actuation Systems

Abstract:

The innovation is a flywheel energy storage system designed specifically to provide
load-leveling in an advanced launch system (ALS) employing electromechanical actuators
(EMA). One of the major advantages of an EMA system implementation is the significant
reduction in total energy consumed during a launch profile. Realization of this energy
reduction will, however, require localized energy storage capable of delivering the
peak power required by the EMA's. A combined flywheel-motor-generator unit which
interfaces directly to the 20 kHz power bus represents an ideal candidate for this
load-leveling. The overall objective of this project is the definition of a flywheel
energy storage system for this application. In order to accomplish this overall objective,
the project will have four specific technical objectives:  definition of the specifications
for the flywheel-motor-generator system, including  system-level trade-off analysis;
design of the flywheel rotor; design or selection of the electromechanical system
components including the motor-generator and bearings; and preliminary reliability,
safety, and failure modes and effects analyses for the baseline system.
This research will lead to a demonstration of the energy density, power density,
and efficiency of flywheel energy storage systems. A system demonstration will show
that flywheel technology is viable for commercial applications rather than a research
laboratory curiosity. The individual component technologies for a flywheel energy
storage system, such as the motor-generator, will also be applicable to many other
power systems applications.
electromechanical actuation, advanced launch system, energy storage, flywheel

Project Title:

Light-Weight, Flexible, Thin-Film Solar Cells for Space Applications

10.01-4427
902036
Light-Weight, Flexible, Thin-Film Solar Cells for Space Applications

Abstract:

Ever increasing power demands of space missions require development of high-efficiency
solar cells and modules with high specific power and good stability. Thin-film devices
that can be economically fabricated on light-weight substrates are of great interest
for these applications. This project aims to develop high efficiency thin-film CuInSe2
(CIS) solar cells for space applications. Both flexible foil and thin glass substrates
will be used in this work, and 1 cm2 cells with 9 percent AMO efficiencies will be
fabricated using the two-stage process (selenization of Cu/In metallic layers). CIS
thin-film solar cells offer the potential for 16 percent efficiency, and these devices
have already been shown to be superior to Si cells in terms of their radiation resistance.
There is a growing demand for cost-effective light-weight solar photovoltaic power
systems for military and civilian space applications. Development of solar cells
for these systems is urgently needed.
CuInSe2, space solar cell, flexible solar cell, light weight solar cell

Project Title:

A Robust, Manufacturable Alternator and Suspension for Free-Piston Stirling Engines

10.01-8888
901567
A Robust, Manufacturable Alternator and Suspension for Free-Piston Stirling Engines

Abstract:

This project investigates a compound, flexure suspension and spin-prohibited alternator
geometry for free-piston, Stirling engine power conversion. The system appears to
offer large improvements in reliability, mass and size, and manufacturing cost. The
proposed effort shall provide a design and life test for the suspension system and
a complete conceptual-preliminary design of the associated alternator. Currently,
bearings are the most unreliable components and alternators the most massive in a
free-piston machine. Improvements in both reliability and power-to-mass are required
to succeed with Stirling spacepower units. Cost and reliability improvements are
required for terrestrial commercialization. The proposed innovations provide a major
advance for both applications.
These innovations would eliminate the most unreliable components of free-piston Stirling
power conversion systems and provide dramatic improvements in manufacturability of
the alternator and suspension.
alternator, Stirling, flexure, suspension, permanent-magnet

Project Title:

Improved Solar Cell Cover-Glasses Coated by Low-Pressure, Chemical Vapor Deposition

10.02-6700
900303
Improved Solar Cell Cover-Glasses Coated by Low-Pressure, Chemical Vapor Deposition

Abstract:

Improved optical coatings for solar cell covers that reject both infrared and ultraviolet
radiation will be developed by using advanced design concepts and low-pressure, chemical
vapor deposition (LPCVD) technology. Advanced thin-film design software will be used
to simulate three material designs using thin layers of two materials. These designs
will provide rejection in the ultraviolet and infrared and improved transmission
in the response band. A computer controlled, automated, LPCVD system, capable of
reliably coating such thin layer optical designs will be used for deposition. The
LPCVD system has the additional advantage of allowing stress balancing for thin substrates
by coating both sides simultaneously and has the potential for low cost manufacture.
The work will be directly applicable to all commercial space systems that use solar
power. The improved cell efficiency and, therefore, lower the weight of solar cells
will directly benefit commercial satellite systems, etc., by allowing greater payloads
in a system without an increase in total weight.
solar cell cover low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

Project Title:

AMTEC Condenser Design for Zero-G Operation

10.03-2113
901192
AMTEC Condenser Design for Zero-G Operation

Abstract:

Provision of adequate electrical power for spacecraft operations is a crucial enabling
mission task. The isotope heat sources used in RTG's for many NASA missions are expensive.
For a given electrical power, thermal to electric conversion with AMTEC rather than
conventional thermoelectric converters should permit reduction of the GPHS complement
by a factor of 3. The estimated cost savings may approach $40,000 per electrical
watt launched. AMTEC operates with metallic sodium as the working fluid and all high-temperature,
recirculating AMTEC systems constructed to the present time have used gravity to
carry the sodium from the condenser wall to a sump from which an electromagnetic
pump can return it to the high-temperature zone. In zero-g, with a conventional condenser,
this approach must fail because the sodium will distribute itself on the condenser
walls and fail to reach the pump inlet. For AMTEC space operation, other means for
sodium control and circulation must, therefore, be developed. The approach in this
project incorporates a wick structure to collect the sodium continuously at the condenser
and return it to the inlet of an electromagnetic pump which returns it to the high-temperature
zone.
The high efficiency of AMTEC conversion suggests its use for many terrestrial remote
power applications, e.g., field portable and mobile systems, steered solar concentrators,
air or ground vehicles, and navigation buoys.
AMTEC, sodium heat engine, energy conversion, power

Project Title:

1.3 Micron for Laser Beams In(A1Ga)As Photovoltaic Laser Energy Converters

10.04-6000
900507
1.3 Micron for Laser Beams In(A1Ga)As Photovoltaic Laser Energy Converters

Abstract:

This project will investigate unique laser energy converters (LECs) for 1.315 micron
(0.943 eV) iodine laser, space power systems. The goal is to convert 40-50 percent
of the incident laser power of 500-1000 W/cm2 to electrical power. To achieve the
optimum 0.94 eV bandgap, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of an innovative
compound semiconductor, InO.53(A1xGa1-x)0.47As lattice-matched to InP substrates,
is planned. The bandgap of In0.53GA0.47As (0.75 eV) lattice-matched to InP is sub-optimal;
however, by adding A1 to the InGaAs so that the A1xGa1-x fraction stays at 0.47,
the lattice-match to InP is maintained while the epilayer bandgap increases. Initial
calculations indicate In0.53A10.13Ga0.34As has the optimum 0.94 eV bandgap. An innovative,
planar, series-connected, multijunction LEC should limit series resistance effects.
A planar approach avoids some of the processing problems inherent in vertical multijunction
designs. In Phase I, In0.53GA0.47As (control) and In0.53A10.13Ga0.34As prototype
layers will be grown on InP substrates with InP windows. The bandgaps will be checked
by photoluminescence, the lattice-match by X-ray diffractometry, and the doping by
CV profiling. Cells will be fabricated to check the pn junctions and to measure the
log IV, quantum efficiency, and power conversion efficiency. Planar, multijunction
LEC will be designed using measured data from the actual material, with particular
attention paid to attaining a low series resistance and high efficiency. In Phase
II, full-sized, optimized, planar, series-connected multijunction LECs based on the
Phase I work would be grown, fabricated, and tested.
A large market may occur in the sale of custom epilayers in the In0.53A1xGa1-xAs
system for lattice-matched, opto-electronic applications requiring bandgap engineering
from 0.8 to 1.4 eV, complementing the 1.4-to-2.3 eV range covered by the lattice-matched
A1xGa1-xAs/GaAs system.
indium, gallium, aluminum, arsenide, laser, power, converters, space

Project Title:

Electrocatalysts for High-Efficiency, Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell (7541-020)

10.05-0003A
901159
Electrocatalysts for High-Efficiency, Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell (7541-020)

Abstract:

A novel platinum catalyst preparation technique will be applied to develop electrodes
for solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (SPEFC). Previous work has shown that this
novel technique results in high utilization of the platinum. With this technique,
low-platinum-content electrodes have been prepared with equivalent performance to
state-of-the-art SPEFC electrodes containing 80 times more platinum. The objective
of this project is to develop and extend this technique to prepare high platinum
content (i.e., equivalent to state-of-the-art platinum contents) electrodes with
improved efficiency. Such electrodes are critical enabling component technologies
for high efficiency regenerative fuel cells.
Applications could appear in high-efficiency and high-energy-density power systems
for use in submersibles.
fuel cell, regenerative, solid polymer electrolyte

Project Title:

Overcharge Protection Additives for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

10.06-1140
900002
Overcharge Protection Additives for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Abstract:

High-energy-density rechargeable lithium batteries are being considered by NASA for
future manned and unmanned missions. Because lithium batteries containing non-aqueous
electrolytes are highly sensitive to overcharge, especially when individual cells
are connected in series, an adequate overcharge protection mechanism must be incorporated
into the cell design. Phase I addresses this need by exploring the addition of several
robust redox couples to the non-aqueous electrolyte. These additives are electroactive
just positive of the normal cell cutoff voltage on charge and negative of irreversible
electrolyte oxidation potential. Preliminary tests suggest that this particular class
of redox couples will also enhance the cycleability of the Li electrode and suppress
electrolyte reduction. During Phase I the long-term chemical and electro-chemical
stability of these materials will be assessed prior to subjecting them to cycling
in Li/TiS2 cells and multi-cell batteries.
Reliable high energy density rechargeable batteries with specific energy density
of 200 Wh/kg capable of undergoing in excess of 500 deep discharge cycles will find
use in satellites and other NASA programs, portable communications equipment, and
other consumer products currently employing Ni-Cd batteries.
lithium, rechargeable, battery, overcharge, protection

Project Title:

New Electrolytes for Secondary Li/TiS2 Cells

10.06-9450A
900910
New Electrolytes for Secondary Li/TiS2 Cells

Abstract:

The key to widespread application of rechargeable lithium cells is an electrolyte
which does not undergo reactions leading to cell venting under all likely conditions
of cell abuse (electrical, mechanical, or thermal). This project will synthesize
a number of new lithium salts and characterize their performance as electrolytes
in Li/TiS2 cells. Characterization will include conductivity, stability in contact
with lithium and TiS2, and effects on the cycling behavior of the cell. Promising
electrolytes will be further evaluated in cycled Li/TiS2 cells at temperatures above
the melting point of Li.
A safe, well-behaved lithium salt with high conductivity will make possible the general
use of Li/TiS2 and other rechargeable Li cells.
rechargeable Li cells, Li/TiS2 cells, lithium salts, electrolytes for Li/TiS2 cells

Project Title:

Rechargeable Zinc-Air Cell

10.07-1353
900194
Rechargeable Zinc-Air Cell

Abstract:

This project could provide NASA with safe, rechargeable batteries with 10 times the
specific energy of those currently available, for a wide variety of applications
on the Space Station Freedom. Unfortunately, the specific energies of all other available,
rechargeable batteries are too low. Those for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium are only
35 Wh/kg, and while somewhat higher at 55 Wh/kg, nickel-hydrogen has a low-energy-density
which, at only 60 Wh/l, makes it rather bulky. The zinc-air battery has the highest
specific energy of all practical battery systems, including lithium, and it is inherently
safe, but it currently is only manufactured in small button cells and bulky, low-rate
industrial batteries, both of which are non-rechargeable. However, recent advances
in rechargeable zinc and oxygen electrode technology for other applications present
an opportunity to develop a rechargeable zinc-air battery with a specific energy
of 350 Wh/kg.
Low power application would occur in portable electronic and electrical products:
 2-way radios, cellular telephones, medical telemetry, instrumentation and test equipment,
audio and video tape equipment, household appliances, power tools, portable computers,
and oceanographic and meteorological equipment. High power applications are possible
for vehicle and aircraft SLI, vehicle traction, emergency and standby power, lighting
and utility load leveling.
air battery, cell, rechargeable, secondary, zinc

Project Title:

Evaluation of Zinc-Oxygen Cells with Advanced Components

10.07-1460
900400
Evaluation of Zinc-Oxygen Cells with Advanced Components

Abstract:

Recent component technology innovations will be applied to the design of rechargeable
zinc-oxygen cells. The zinc-oxygen couple has long been recognized as having the
potential for very high energy density, however the system has been limited by problems
with oxygen electrode stability and zinc electrode shape change. The objective of
this project will be to demonstrate the feasibility of the battery using advanced
bifunctional electrode materials and separators. These component technologies will
be applied to the zinc-oxygen cell in a six-month program of cell fabrication and
testing. The development of a high energy-density, zinc-oxygen battery with extended
cycle life will provide a technology which meets many commercial and aerospace needs.
The need for portable power for space station equipment could be met by the battery.
Given the safe nature of the battery reactants and the inherent high energy-density
of the metal-gas system, it is one of the few couples which can meet the energy density
and safety concerns for aerospace uses. applications ranging from portable consumer
electronics to advanced electric vehicles could be served with a Zn-02 battery.
zinc-oxygen batteries, metal-air batteries, catalysts

Project Title:

Research on Materials and Methods of Construction for Thermovoltaic Cells and Batteries

10.07-9892
900129
Research on Materials and Methods of Construction for Thermovoltaic Cells and Batteries

Abstract:

NASA has a need for reliable, safe, high-performance batteries to solve some demanding
tasks on space station missions planned for the 1990's. Thermovoltaic cells and batteries
offer possibilities beyond those of commercially available batteries as well as those
now under development. This project will determine optimum combinations of materials
and methods of construction for vapor-volt cells operating near ambient temperature
but damp. Experiments will be performed and the theory will be refined until this
can confidently be applied to designing large, practical space power systems. It
is anticipated that a vapor-volt battery of 1 watt having specific stored energy
of 1000 watt-hr/lb. is feasible.
Vapor-volt cells are candidates for meeting demanding tasks for space mission in
the 1990's. Commercial batteries, as well as exotic batteries now under development,
not only fail to meet the performance requirements, but in many cases present severe
safety problems.
high, cell, battery,vapor-volt, space, power, ambient, damp

Project Title:

Passively Cooled High-Temperature Superconductive Bus for Space Power Systems

10.08-3800
900209
Passively Cooled High-Temperature Superconductive Bus for Space Power Systems

Abstract:

As space systems tend toward higher power levels (10 to 100kW), the bus connecting
the power source with the spacecraft becomes a very significant power distribution
component in terms of weight, reliability, and efficiency. Present approaches use
either massive, high-voltage, conventional copper conductors or actively-cooled,
low-temperature, metallic superconducting materials. This project will build and
demonstrate a passively cooled space power distribution busbar using recently developed
high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials. The use of HTS material takes advantage
of low-voltage, low-resistive loss characteristics similar to conventional superconductors,
while the increased operating temperatures make it feasible to eliminate the cryocooler
component by using passive radiative heart transfer to space. Compared with the alternatives,
the proposed HTS system has the benefits of being less massive (less cross-sectional
area to carry the current), being more reliable (does not require cryocoolers or
high-voltage meteor-proof enclosures), and having no requirement for additional power
conditioning equipment. This project will determine the feasibility of demonstrating
this HTS busbar approach in Phase I and perform a demonstration test using prototypical
component hardware in Phase II.
The benefits of applying High-temperature Superconductor technology with passive
cooling to the power bus are significantly lower system mass, smaller resistive power
losses, and reduced needs for power conditioning equipment ahead of the load. The
application of this technology will be fundamental to future satellites and space
platforms having higher power requirements. The technology is of commercial interest
to aerospace contractors providing space power systems.
high-temperature superconductor, electric bus, cryogenic, space power

Project Title:

Solid State Micromachined Pump for Space Power System Thermal Management

10.08-7831
900396
Solid State Micromachined Pump for Space Power System Thermal Management

Abstract:

Micromachined liquid pumping and control devices are proposed for space thermal management
systems. By using recent developments in micromachining, it may be possible to form
voltage-actuated fluid control elements using photo lithography and semiconductor
processing techniques. Generically, devices made in this way offer the possibilities
of enhanced control, massive redundancy in terms of function and low cost because
of the semiconductor wafer-like manufacturing approach. The Phase I program is intended
to show feasibility through a combination of functional modeling, the construction
of prototype micromachined hardware, and testing.
The devices proposed also have potential commercial use in the medical arena for
liquid flow control and for the cooling of avionic and ground-based electronic equipment.
micromachining, pump, control, fluid, voltage, actuate

Project Title:

Hermetically Sealed Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor

10.08-9399
900965
Hermetically Sealed Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor

Abstract:

A hermetically sealed aluminum electrolytic capacitor will be develops as a replacement
for tantalum capacitors in space power systems. This will significantly reduce power
supply volume and weight. These capacitors will operate from -55oC to 1050C, have
an estimated 20 year life, and have a high CV product, for example, 1000F250 WV.
The availability of a family of such components will make easier the design of higher
power circuits. The innovations leading to this new capacitor are a novel seal design
that avoids the problems associated with an aluminum-glass bond, and a low-gassing
electrolyte that limits the internal pressure during the operating life to safe levels.
In Phase I prototype electrolytes will be developed and tested, and gas generation
data will be obtained from which estimates will be made of internal pressure over
operating life at different conditions. These estimates will demonstrate the feasibility
of this device. The seal will be developed in Phase II.
Other applications for a hermetic sealed electrolytic capacitor are found in commercial
satellites and in medical electronic implants. When used in conventional capacitors,
the new electrolyte will provide higher reliability performance at high-temperature
and will be particularly good for power electronic components such as are used in
inverter circuits.
aluminum electrolytic capacitor, hermetic seal, electrolyte, pressure, gas

Project Title:

Large-Eddy Simulation of Combustion in Liquid Fuel Rockets

11.01-1515
900492
Large-Eddy Simulation of Combustion in Liquid Fuel Rockets

Abstract:

The design, optimization, simulation, and testing of liquid fuel rocket engines involves
a wide variety of geometrically complex, unsteady, turbulent, multi-dimensional reactive
flow problems. In a high Reynolds number flow, the details of the (thin) flame fronts
cannot be resolved even on the most sophisticated supercomputer. This problem will
be solved using large-eddy simulations (LES) in which the flow equations are solved
at moderate-to-large length scales and the unresolved small-scales are modelled using
renormalization group methods. Large-eddy simulations of the reactive flow will give
the precise position and shape of the flame front, while the energy equation with
a heat source at the flame front will give the temperature field and, hence, the
reaction rates and species distribution. In this way, LES will give detailed, accurate
modelling of liquid-fuel rocket engine dynamics.
Many problems of direct industrial interest involve complex combusting reacting flows
that will be treatable for the first time by the LES techniques developed here.
combustion, turbulence, renormalization group, large-eddy simulations

Project Title:

Failure Criteria for Carbon-Carbon Applicable to Contoured Woven ITE Materials

11.03-8400
901620
Failure Criteria for Carbon-Carbon Applicable to Contoured Woven ITE Materials

Abstract:

This project will develop an analytical model capable of predicting failure of carbon-carbon
(C-C) materials. The model will build upon the firm's in-house C-C analysis codes
and will develop demonstrated capability to predict failure of C-C composites. In
particular, methods for analyzing C-C materials such as the contoured weave designs
being developed for application to NASA's Advanced Solid Rocket Motor will be developed.
Verification of the model's predictive capability will be accomplished through correlation
of existing C-C experimental data.
The analytical method developed under this effort will yield the capability of predicting
failure in C-C materials under thermal stresses induced in service conditions. The
resulting failure criteria will be useful for predicting the margins of safety for
all future C-C ITE materials.
carbon-carbon, failure criteria, analytical modeling, property prediction, nozzle
applications

Project Title:

An Assessment of the Thermostructural Performance and Feasibility of Using Rotated

11.03-8900B
901426
An Assessment of the Thermostructural Performance and Feasibility of Using Rotated

Abstract:

Ply Stacking For Carbon-Carbon Cloth Based Nozzle Components
The sensitivity of the thermostructural performance of rocket nozzles to changes
in carbon-carbon composite material properties has been a significant reliability
problem. Results of an Air Force study clearly indicated that significant gains in
structural reliability could be achieved by adopting a rotated ply stacking sequence
based 2-dimensional carbon-carbons. This project study will attempt to ascertain
the potential for improvement afforded by using a rotated ply stacking sequence.
This will entail conducting thermostructural analyses of the CCT-4 motor using a
carbon-carbon exit cone featuring a rotated ply construction. In this fashion, a
quantitative assessment will be made of the degree of improvement afforded by a rotated
ply construction as well as identification of the optimum ply stacking arrangement
that will maximize reliability. In addition, produceability studies will be conducted
with information from material suppliers to ascertain the feasibility of manufacturing
rotated ply patterns suitable for carbon-carbon cloth nozzle components as well as
to identify and potential difficulties or limitations that may be inherent in rotated
ply construction.
An alternative and low risk means to significantly increase the reliability of two-dimensional
carbon-carbon nozzle components would be of particular value to NASA and the space
motor industry.
carbon-carbon, rotated ply stacking, performance, feasibility, exit cones

Project Title:

Impingement-Sheet Mixing for Injection of Liquid Propellants in Rocket Engines

11.04-6052
901073
Impingement-Sheet Mixing for Injection of Liquid Propellants in Rocket Engines

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to evaluate the use of a novel, recently developed,
mixing process, impingement-sheet mixing, for the injection of liquid propellants
in rocket engines. Earlier work has demonstrated that impingement-sheet mixing is
one of the fastest liquid-phase mixing technologies available and could potentially
be advantageous in rocket injectors. The experimental program to be performed in
Phase I will provide preliminary estimates of the liquid-phase micromixing time of
impinging sheets at velocities typical of rocket injectors. Liquid-phase micromixing
times will also be estimated for conventional rocket injectors using impinging jets.
Comparisons of the results will be made to evaluate the potential use of impingement-sheet
mixing as an alternative design for rocket injectors. Successful completion of the
Phase I effort will lead to a proposed Phase II effort that will quantitatively investigate
and model the effect of injection Reynolds number on liquid-phase mixing rate for
both impinging sheets and impinging jets.
The results of this project could assist in the application of impingement-sheet
mixing in the chemical dye industry, the photographic film industry, and in reaction
injection molding.
impingement-sheet mixing, rocket engines, liquid propellant injectors

Project Title:

Mixed, Hafnium-Tantalum-Carbide, Composite Rocket Thruster Development

11.04-8061
901690
Mixed, Hafnium-Tantalum-Carbide, Composite Rocket Thruster Development

Abstract:

Recent Air Force funded, arc-jet materials testing has demonstrated that a mixed
HfC-TaC composite ceramic material exhibited the lowest mass loss of any material
tested, including hafnium carbide and hafnium diboride ceramic composites. A hydrogen-oxygen
propellant rocket thruster based on the mixed hafnium-tantalum carbide ceramic composite
is expected to demonstrate superior high temperature durability under stoichiometric
H2-02 propulsion conditions when operated exclusively as a radiation cooled thruster.
Phase I includes the development of tubular composites of HfC-TaC matrix with graphite
fiber reinforcement. Fabrication of convergent-divergent sections will be performed
as well. Prototype thruster articles suitable for stoichiometric H2-02 combustion
evaluation at NASA-Lewis will be delivered in Phase I. Phase II work would focus
on the development of thrusters in the 5000 pound thrust class or smaller. The pay-off
from such technology results from reduced thruster weight, cost and complexity. Also
dramatic improvements in specific impulse are due to the elimination of excess fuel,
which is injected in the combustion wall region to avoid overheating temperature-limited
metallic thrusters.
This work applies to commercial launch and payload auxiliary propulsion and altitude
control engines.
mixed hafnium carbide-tantalum carbide composites, ceramic matrix composites

Project Title:

Unconventional Long-Life Chemical Rocket Thrust Chambers

11.05-0236
900202
Unconventional Long-Life Chemical Rocket Thrust Chambers

Abstract:

Current chemical rocket thrust chambers are life-limited due to the limited oxidation
protection presently available. This is true not only at temperatures of 2200oC (4000oF),
but at 1100oC (2000oF) as well. A prime example is the space shuttle orbiter vernier
thruster. By an innovative application of vapor-solid processing, the firm has demonstrated
a material that can be applied as a protective coating with outstanding oxidation-protective
results. Phase I will demonstrate its applicability to protecting chemical rocket
thrust chambers from oxidation. This material has the potential to extend thrust
chamber lifetimes by an order of magnitude.
Extended thruster lifetimes would translate directly into cost savings for commercial
satellites and shuttle orbiter vernier thrusters.
oxidation protection, chemical rockets, thrust chambers, vapor-solid processing,
chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Project Title:

Improved Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors for Propulsion Systems

11.08-1010
901209
Improved Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors for Propulsion Systems

Abstract:

Methods will be investigated to improve upon the upper temperature limit, response
and durability of fiber optic sensors for high temperatures. Present high-temperature,
fiber-optic sensors (both commercially available and laboratory prototypes) use sapphire
rods, tubes, or fibers which exhibit a significant decrease in their resistance to
thermal shock and physical stresses at the upper end of their useful temperature
range (1950oC). A means to increase the temperature limit involves using refractory
waveguides, including carbides, nitrides and certain metals plus their alloys. Response
and accuracy can be improved via increases in the emissivity of the probe tip and
decreases in thermal mass. Durability may be improved with special coatings or by
embedding probes within other refractory materials. The results of this project will
be the identification of several viable materials and methods to be used in fabricating
probes which can survive long time periods at high temperatures in harsh environments
while providing highly accurate temperature data in a fiber-optic sensing system.
In addition to providing accurate temperature measurement in rocket engines, a fiber-optic
sensor using these probes will be of great value in fields such as metallurgy, semiconductor
processing and combustion research.
Highly durable, accurate, and responsive fiber-optic temperature sensors will find
commercial application in the monitoring of turbine and rocket engine components
and combustion chambers, internal combustion engine research, metallurgy, glass manufacturing,
semiconductor processing, and research involving combustion or plasmas.
engine temperature sensor, fiber optic thermometer, combustion thermometer

Project Title:

Fiber-Optic Cable Feedthrough and Sealing

11.08-5061
900560
Fiber-Optic Cable Feedthrough and Sealing

Abstract:

This effort involves development of the fiber-optic cable feedthrough and sealing
for sensor and multiplexed fiber- optic data bus concepts in cryogenic liquid propulsion
system environments. This development includes assessment of current sealing material
and techniques for adequacy in meeting cryogenic liquid propulsion system requirements;
a new method to construct the hermetic seal fiber-optic feedthrough; and a method
to develop the fiber-optic backshell survivability against propulsion system environments.
These results would be useful to manufacturers of both civilian or military equipment
to improve their reliability, accuracy of measurement, and data transmission.
fiber-optic, sealing, temperature, vibration, feedthrough, cable, pressure, backshell

Project Title:

High-Frame-Rate, Imaging Spectrometer for Rocket Plume Diagnostics

11.09-5649
900934
High-Frame-Rate, Imaging Spectrometer for Rocket Plume Diagnostics

Abstract:

A high-frame-rate imaging spectrometer is proposed to measure the transient temperature
and chemical composition of the gases in a rocket plume. An innovative, high throughput,
holographic grating spectrometer that images one spatial line and disperses the spectra
in a second dimension across a two-dimensional imaging array will be developed. High-frame-rate
imagers for the 0.4 to 1.1m wavelength range and for the 1.1 to 2.2m range are proposed.
The extension of this spectral range to 0.3-1.1m will be considered. This broadband
coverage allows measurement of the plume temperature and chemical composition. Multispectral
line images can be obtained at a rate of 24,000 per second in the UV and near-IR,
and up to 1,000 per second in the thermal IR. A rotating mirror can frame the line
images into two-dimensional images at a slower frame rate. High-speed processors
and data recorders will be used to process and store data for post test analysis.
The imaging spectrometer will permit NASA to obtain data on the transient characteristics
of the combustion processes that can be observed in the exhaust plume. The high cost
of test articles for rocket engine tests requires the accumulation of the most complete
diagnostic data possible. This instrument will aid in filling this need.
Commercial launch vehicles are a market for the proposed instrument as well as NASA
and DoD. Other commercial applications include plasma diagnostics and any dynamic
combustion tests.
imaging spectrometer, solid-state detectors, imaging, infrared

Project Title:

An Ultra-High Resolution Plume Anolalous Specie Detection System for SSME Engine

11.09-6522
900122
An Ultra-High Resolution Plume Anolalous Specie Detection System for SSME Engine

Abstract:

Pre-Flight Testing
A very sensitive detection system will be developed to measure concentrations of
metallic species in the SSME plume at the nozzle exit. The system will have a detection
range from 1 ppb to 1000 ppb allowing detection of wear and incipient failure. It
is non-intrusive, can operate on tests stands with and without a diffuser in place,
and uses narrow line absorption to measure concentrations. A reference wavelength
is monitored to separate broadband absorption, refraction, and optics contamination
from atomic line absorption. Phase I will determine the detection range achievable
using a theoretical analysis. A system will be designed and demonstrated using the
DTF engine at SSC. Conceptual designs of a full scale test stand instrument will
be completed. Phase II will produce a full scale test stand instrument which will
be delivered to SSC for installation on an SSME test stand.
The system can be used on industrial exhaust stacks, waste burning facilities, and
power plants to detect toxic effluents. It can be used on all commercial, NASA, and
Air Force rocket and jet engine test stands.
absorption, SSME, metal specie, SSC test stand

Project Title:

Hand Physiological Evaluation and Countermeasure Device

12.01-3623
901253
Hand Physiological Evaluation and Countermeasure Device

Abstract:

The firm will design a proof-of-concept prototype system of a hand musculoskeletal
prototype system (HMS). The HMS will be able to assess and maintain the physical
condition of the hand. A computerized, comprehensive menu of exercise modalities
will be designed that will allow the HMS specifically to emulate selected job tasks
as well as generic skilled movements. The planned approach to hand generic movements
will constitute a new and innovative hand-eye and mechano-sensory-receptor-based
coordinated assessment and training tool. This theory will be proven in proof-of-concept
fashion using both existing and commercial products of the company and the new concepts
of mechanical prototype design that has the hand grasp motion translated into a rotational
resistance mechanism and control software that evaluates and trains generic and job
task movements of the had. Phase II will concentrate on the fabrication of a flight
prototype for conceptual evaluation of a planned Shuttle/Space Station health care
device.
Applications could occur in motor coordination screening of job applications; motor
coordination and contractile muscle performance quantification of the cerebral insult
patent population; training for maintenance and improvement of muscular strength
and endurance through the application of functional, isokinetic exercise; training
for maintenance; and improvement of skeletal range of motion of each hand digit.
proprioceptive, isotonic, isometric, strength, concentric, eccentric, isokinetic,
hand

Project Title:

Development of a Portable Dark Focus Instrument

12.01-5090
901617
Development of a Portable Dark Focus Instrument

Abstract:

Neurobiological research indicates that changes in accommodation are associated with
stresses that may occur during space missions (e.g., extended duration flight, variable
gravity, long term confinement, space motion sickness). The consequences of this
for the national space program are twofold. Measures of accommodation may be used
to index onset and extent of space motion sickness and other stresses of spaceflight,
both after entry to hypogravity conditions and during readaptation to terrestrial
conditions. An accurate measure of accommodation may be used to signal that visual
performances may be degraded. The primary objective of this project is to develop,
calibrate, and validate a portable device to measure accommodation. In Phase Ii fabrication
and extensive field testing of the device will be conducted.
A sophisticated device to measure accommodation could be used to signal the impairment
of subject state mediated by autonomic activity as well as the direct reduction of
visual detection performance and would have use both in the military and private
sector. It could also have application in personnel selection, task analysis, and
the quantification of visual fatigue.
visual accommodation, visual performance, dark focus, empty field myopia, space adaptation
syndrome, vision testing

Project Title:

A Hand-Held Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound B-Mode Scanner with Doppler

12.01-9769
901129
A Hand-Held Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound B-Mode Scanner with Doppler

Abstract:

A hand-held medical ultrasound instrument for cardiology weighing 10 pounds, occupying
0.1 cubic feet of space and complete with 2-dimensional imaging, EKG display, doppler,
and digital image storage is a significant innovation in diagnostic devices. Capable
of imaging the heart, the great vessels and intra-abdominal organs with performance
comparable to that of a full sized instrument, this novel device could be used on
board the space craft or in the laboratory and play a vital role in the health care
of astronauts. The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of producing
such a device by exploring strategies for miniaturizing major functional areas of
two-dimensional ultrasound imaging systems. Specifically, the project will investigate
a novel beam forming technique; design a digital scan convertor using application
specific integrated circuit technology; design a low component count single channel
EKG system; demonstrate the feasibility of doppler spectral calculations using a
digital signal processor; and investigate the feasibility of on board storage using
data compression techniques. The feasibility report at the end of Phase I will permit
the development of full scale prototypes usable by NASA during Phase II.
Initially targeted for use by cardiologists, this device could create potentially
new markets for the application of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine by being used
for conducting general exams by primary care physician; for assessing trauma in the
battlefield or other emergency situations by para-medical personnel; and as an aid
to establishing of central intra-venous lines.
ultrasound, medical, diagnostic, miniature, imaging, cardiology, doppler, EKG

Project Title:

Intelligent Processor for Space Station Life Support System

12.02-0054
900718
Intelligent Processor for Space Station Life Support System

Abstract:

This specific innovation is a new approach to the processing of air and water quality
monitoring data on board the Space Station. Fire detection and classification by
type will also be enhanced. Attractive features of the processor will include:  parallel
processing for high speed with minimum weight, space, and cost; easy adaptability
(without resorting to programming) to changes in the complement of monitoring devices
or the presence of new contaminants; robustness with respect to noise, component
failure, or missing data; and the ability to accept and merge data of different types
for improved diagnosis. The innovative data processor will include neural-network
technology that will be responsible for many of its attractive features. Using the
array of gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and other sampling and measuring
devices on board, the processor will enable rapid data analysis, fault diagnosis
and response to dangerous situations.
Intelligent processing of mass spectral data will reduce the cost, weight and size
of instruments on space missions, as well as improve the quality of environmental
monitoring on earth.
mass spectra, data analysis, space station, ECLSS

Project Title:

Chemiluminescent Deoxyoligonucleotide Probes for the Rapid Detection of Intact Coliform

12.02-0769
900398
Chemiluminescent Deoxyoligonucleotide Probes for the Rapid Detection of Intact Coliform

Abstract:

Bacteria and Total Bacteria
Bacterial diseases are frequently transmitted through contaminated water; thus, the
detection of microbiological contamination is important in assuring sanitary water
supplies. Current tests are labor intensive and require several days to confirm contamination
levels. This project will demonstrate the feasibility of a unique, rapid water-quality
test for bacteria. Phase I focuses on the development of specialized chemiluminescent
deoxyoligonucleotide probes. These DNA probes will be complementary to universal
bacterial, coliform-group, and E. coli-specific ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences and,
thus, will hybridize only when one of these is present, making it possible to rapidly
detect bacterial contamination. In order to produce a visible response, chemiluminescent
agents will be covalently linked to the deoxyoligonucleotide probes. The probes will
be short, 15 to 25 bases long, allowing intact cells to be probed without first extracting
the target rRNA. To measure and quantitate the chemiluminescent emission, a number
of commercially available light detectors, including field-portable units currently
in development by the firm will be tested. Using these new probes the number of bacteria
in water samples should be determined in as little as one hour.
The product will be simple, rapid, and sensitive tests for determining total bacterial
contamination as well as the sanitary quality of any water supply. Potential applications
include field testing, home test kits, and on-line real-time monitoring for use in
the USA and abroad.
probes, rRNA, deoxyoligonucleotides, coliforms, E. coli, chemiluminescence, water-quality,
bacteria

Project Title:

Noninvasive Blood Analysis During Manned Space Flight

12.02-1545
901241
Noninvasive Blood Analysis During Manned Space Flight

Abstract:

A spectroscopic approach will be developed for analysis of blood during manned space
missions directly through the skin by using light from a laser diode array reflected
from a prominent vein near the skin surface in either the wrist or ankle region of
the body. The laser diodes will operate at low power, causing no tissue injury, and
at specific wavelengths in the red and near infrared, wavelengths at which skin and
venous tissue are known to be transparent to a depth of several millimeters. The
reflected light at each of the selected probe wavelengths will then be measured.
The reflected intensities from each probe wavelength are analyzed in two modes: 
the specific reflectance ratios among the probe wavelengths will be determined and
used to identify blood components present in the monitored patient's circulatory
system; and if the ratios of key selected wavelengths remain unchanged, the reflectance
intensity will be used to monitor changes in red cell (hematocrit) concentration.
The product, a noninvasive blood monitor, would be widely useful in the practice
of medicine.
noninvasive blood analysis, reflectance spectroscopy

Project Title:

Organic Contaminant Monitor

12.02-3648
901665
Organic Contaminant Monitor

Abstract:

Acoustic place mode (APM) devices are extremely sensitive to small mass changes at
their surfaces (ng/cm2) when immersed in liquids. Combined with a properly derivatized
surface, they are capable of detecting trace organic constituents in water. An APM
dence sensor with a plasma polymerized surface will be developed as a precursor to
an automated monitor for organic species in reconstituted water. The proposed sensor
is lightweight, extremely accurate, has low power consumption; and is highly durable
and reliable. Modification of the surface coating will create a family of sensors
for a wide variety of chemical species.
These devices will find a variety of applications in the electronic chemical and
medical industries where trace organic contaminants affect product quality. They
may also be used for monitoring organic contaminants on a ground water. When derivatized
with a different surface, they may be used to monitor a wide range of species in
water such as heavy metals.
acoustic plate mode device, sensor, organic contaminants, water

Project Title:

Quantitation of Radiation Effects on Human Cells

12.02-6800
902139
Quantitation of Radiation Effects on Human Cells

Abstract:

Measuring the effects of ionizing radiation on cells of the immune system and methods
to protect humans against radiation damage are essential to long duration space travel.
The overall objective of this SBIR Phase I is to develop flow cytometric methods
for monitoring radiation damage to lymphocytes and to assess chemical agents for
their ability to serve as radioprotectors. The response of human mononuclear cells
to increasing levels of radiation will be assessed by parallel assays on cells isolated
from normal individuals. The cells will be irradiated with increasing doses of gamma
radiation and the effects of various parameters will be measured on the same cell
population:  immune response by immunofluorescence measurement of DNA replication
and DNA content; cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells; and intracellular glutathione
levels. Threshold levels of impairment of these parameters will be determined, and
the ability of radioprotective agents to modulate them will be determined. The information
and technology developed should be valuable to NASA and for application to commercial,
biomedical technology.
Commercial applications are numerous: clinical laboratory testing for both immune
dysfunction and cancer; genetic toxicology and carcinogenesis testing for assessment
of environmental agents, drug, and industrial safety testing; and applications to
radiology and radiotherapy. The increased capability for radioprotection of the immune
system during cancer radio-therapy could lead to new methods for increasing the radiation
dosage to tumors while sparing radiation to bone marrow.
DNA, flow cytometry, glutathione, cytotoxicity, blood, lymphocytes, radiation, DNA
replication

Project Title:

Design Modification of the Wiped-Film Rotating-Disk Evaporator for the Reclamation

12.03-0369
900184
Design Modification of the Wiped-Film Rotating-Disk Evaporator for the Reclamation

Abstract:

of Water at Zero Gravity
The existing design of the high performance wiped-film rotating-disk (WFRD) vapor
compression distillation (VCD) unit will be modified for operation at zero gravity.
Because of its very high heat transfer coefficient and low energy requirement, the
modified WFRD unit has the potential of reducing the size and weight of the VCD subsystem
as well as reducing the mechanical energy required to drive it. In this project,
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer calculations will be made to accommodate
zero gravity operation as well as capacity requirements for manned spacecraft missions.
The existing design of the WFRD will be modified for operation at zero gravity. Two
detailed designs will be made; a simple VCD design and a two-effect design. The two
designs will be compared to weigh the thermodynamic advantages of the two-effect
design against the additional components needed for its construction.
Applications would be in producing double or triple distilled water for pharmaceutical
industry, distilling water for the water bottling industry, desalting, and cleaning
impaired waters. The small capacity unit produced by this project could be used in
photographic shops to reduce, in situ, the volume of toxic, photographic waste solutions
prior to disposal.
water reclamation, VCD, WFRD evaporator, design modification, high heat transfer
coefficient, energy saving, multieffect VCD

Project Title:

Aerogel Processing of Ceramic Composite Membranes

12.03-3648
900985
Aerogel Processing of Ceramic Composite Membranes

Abstract:

Ceramics are superior materials for membrane-based separation techniques where operational
requirements involve high temperatures, oxidation resistance, chemical inertness,
and sterility. Monolithic ceramic components are brittle and involve complex and
costly fabrication processes. Conventional ceramic composites, while tougher, have
similar fabrication limitations. Bioregenerative processes stress membrane performance
requirements, increasing the need for a viable ceramic membrane technology. Sol-gel
derived membranes that are processed by supercritical fluid extraction (aerogel)
techniques offer the potential of net-shape, low-cost fabrication, with precise control
of membrane pore structures. Combined with ceramic fiber reinforcement, the aerogel
ceramic process enables the fabrication of tough, low cost, high performance structural
membrane material systems. The feasibility of sol-gel/aerogel processes to fabricate
ceramic composite membranes, of controlled pore size and pore size distribution,
will be demonstrated. This will result in the development of a membrane technology
with high performance, ultra filtration capability. Silicon nitride-reinforced mullite
will be used as a model material system. Membrane disks will be aerogel processed,
and chemically aged and infiltrated to control membrane pore size and pore size distribution.
Characterization will include thermal stability, mechanical properties, pore size
and pore size distribution, and transport properties.
 The resultant membrane could be suitable for extreme applications including high-temperature,
oxidative, and corrosive environments. Applications include gas separations, catalytic
supports.
membranes, ceramics, microporosity, sol-gel, composites, bilaxer

Project Title:

Reverse-Osmosis Membranes for Removal of Low-Molecular-Weight Organics from Water

12.03-4100
901004
Reverse-Osmosis Membranes for Removal of Low-Molecular-Weight Organics from Water

Abstract:

Reverse osmosis is a membrane process that has the potential to significantly improve
waste-water recycling technology for use in space and to eliminate or reduce the
need for the expendable polishing beds required by existing waste-treatment subsystems.
However, to realize this promise, reverse-osmosis (RO) membranes must be developed
that can remove low-molecular-weight organics from waste water. This project will
develop this new class of RO membranes. The goal of the Phase I program is to demonstrate
that low-molecular-weight organics can be rejected by RO membranes made from materials
selected specifically for this application. In a subsequent Phase II, these membranes
would be optimized. Prototype modules containing this membrane would then be synthesized
and extensively tested. Full-scale modules would be delivered to NASA for use in
RO systems currently owned by NASA.
The growing concern over protection of the environment has led to a re-examination
of the regulations for discharge of organic contaminants into the environment. The
RO membranes developed in this project could provide an attractive alternative to
current waste-treatment methods, enabling the economical treatment of many hazardous-waste
streams.
reverse osmosis, membranes, organic rejections, waste water

Project Title:

Development of a Membrane-Based Atmosphere-Control Subsystem

12.03-4100A
902067
Development of a Membrane-Based Atmosphere-Control Subsystem

Abstract:

Integrated physicochemical, biological closed-loop life-support systems will need
to be developed for humans to undertake extended extraterrestrial missions. These
systems almost certainly include separate but integrated plant and human habitats
to not only provide a food supply to humans and recycle their waste, but also to
replenish the atmosphere. No system currently exists to do this. This project will
develop a membrane-based atmosphere-control (MBAC) subsystem to separate oxygen from
nitrogen and to enhance the removal of carbon dioxide and water vapor for controlled
redistribution between the plant and human habitats. The immediate use of this system
would be to aid NASA in the developmental studies of these habitats. The aim of Phase
I will be to develop a computer model for such a system at steady-state and to refine
the model via tests of a bench-scale apparatus that simulates the MBAC subsystem.
In Phase II the model will be further refined to address a more realistic, dynamic
state with the aim of building a preprototype MBAC subsystem.
The computer models developed in this program would be valuable in improving commercial
membrane systems that separate oxygen from nitrogen to produce either oxygen- or
nitrogen-enriched air. In addition, future farming practices may utilize closed environments
and controlled atmospheres for optimum food production.
membrane-based atmosphere control, life-support, oxygen

Project Title:

Supercritical Water Oxidation Reactor for Space Applications

12.03-7071
900763
Supercritical Water Oxidation Reactor for Space Applications

Abstract:

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has been shown to be a promising technique for
water recovery and waste management in space. The key piece of equipment in this
technology is the reactor that must allow oxidation to occur while simultaneously
dealing with the precipitation of sticky solids. Prior work for NASA has identified
the concept of an "impingement cannister" as most likely to succeed. This project
covers the gathering of design data to allow construction of the first impingement
cannister reactor with a solids separator. In Phase II, the reactor would be built
and incorporated into a preprototype unit dedicated to space applications.
Results of this project will broaden the existing database of information used to
design SCWO systems for terrestrial usage in, e.g., destruction of hazardous waste.
supercritical, water, oxidation, reactor, solids

Project Title:

A Membrane-Based Subsystem for Water-Vapor Recovery from Plant-Growth Chambers

12.04-4100A
900685
A Membrane-Based Subsystem for Water-Vapor Recovery from Plant-Growth Chambers

Abstract:

NASA is investigating the use of plant-growth chambers (PGCs) for space missions
and for bases on the moon and Mars. PGCs serve several important purposes -- oxygen
and food production, carbon-dioxide removal, and water purification and reuse. Key
to successful development of PGCs is a system to recover and reuse the water vapor
that is transpired from the leaves of the growing plants. This project will develop
a simple, reliable membrane-based system that allows the recovery, purification,
and reuse of the transpired water vapor through control of temperature and humidity
levels in the PGC. This system has characteristics that make it ideally suited to
use in space -- minimal power requirements, small volume and mass, simplicity, reliability,
and versatility. In Phase I, an accurate, predictive model of the firm's temperature-and
humidity-control system will be developed, based on parametric tests of membrane
modules.  This model will be used to design systems for selected PGCs. Phase II would
see the design, fabrication, test, and delivery of a breadboard unit to NASA for
testing on a PC.
The technology developed here will have other valuable commercial uses, including
use as an alternative to air-conditioning systems based on chlorinated fluorocarbons.
membrane, dehumidification, membrane contactor, plant-growth chamber

Project Title:

An On-Line Microbiological Analyzer

12.04-7653A
900337
An On-Line Microbiological Analyzer

Abstract:

Microbiological monitoring will be a critical function in the Biomass Processing
Reactors of the NASA Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS). Measurement
of cell density and cell activity in some reactors will allow for the automation
and optimization of biochemical processes without the need for experienced skilled
personnel. In other reactors, microbiological detection and characterization of bacterial
contaminants will be required. All living cells, including microorganisms, contain
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD) that serve as cofactors in many metabolic
reactions. The reduced forms [NAD(P)H] are high energy molecules which fluoresce
at 460 nm when irradiated with light at 340 nm. This fluorescence property of NADPH
may be used to measure microorganism cell concentration and activity using a fiber
optic fluorescence analyzer such as the Biotronics BI-401. The BI-401 is an on-line
fiber-linked multiple wavelength fluorometric analyzer that provides an ideal experimental
vehicle for research in biochemical process analysis and control. The multiple wavelength
nature of the BI-401 will allow for investigation of NADH and other natural fluorophores
such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and ATP. Cell mass and activity levels along with cell
metabolic state will be the primary areas of investigation.
Primary commercial markets for this technology potentially exist in the pharmaceutical,
brewing and wastewater treatment industries.
fluorometry, biochemical processes, NADH, microorganisms

Project Title:

Compact Lighting Technology for CELSS Flight Experiment Hardware

12.04-8606A
900963
Compact Lighting Technology for CELSS Flight Experiment Hardware

Abstract:

Lighting requirements for flight experiments in plant growth  vary from very high
photon flux for photosynthesis and productivity to precise, narrow spectral band
control, and/or absolute darkness for photomorphogenic control. Design guidelines
for spacecraft environments require that the lighting systems be compact and efficient.
In this project, a woven fiber optic technology, heretofore utilized primarily for
LCD panel backlighting, will be adapted to the use of higher light intensity and
filtered spectral control in a compact, locker-based unit designed for support of
plant growth experiments in the shuttle mid-deck locker area. The design will integrate
an inert, high-light-transmitting growth container. The state of development of these
individual components is such that an integration of all components will result in
a flight-ready hardware item.
The hardware product of this effort is intended primarily for use by NASA-supported
investigators in development and flight of plant growth experiments. A low-cost version
of the unit may stimulate interest and a market in the segment of the education community
which may have an interest in flight experimentation.
plant growth chambers, fiber optics, in-flight experimentation, PGF-2, PGU

Project Title:

The Feasibility of Using Solar Illumination in Reduced-G Environments

12.05-0700
901098
The Feasibility of Using Solar Illumination in Reduced-G Environments

Abstract:

The innovation investigated in this project is the use of direct sunlight and albedo
for task and general illumination in reduced gravity environments. The primary objective
will be to design  conceptually a solar optic system for a lunar base and to determine
its power, mass, cost, and performance characteristics. The design will be compared
with a conventional fluorescent lighting system. The deliverable will be a technical
feasibility report and recommendation for prototype development in Phase II. Solar
optics is an approach to the transmission of light to remote interior spaces. It
is chosen as the basis for this project because it has been successfully used in
terrestrial applications and is uniquely suited for adaptation to reduced-g environments.
Solar illumination offers an efficient alternative to electrically generated illumination
through an efficacy which can be twice that of other light sources. Power requirements
for a combined solar/artificial lighting system are expected to be a small fraction
of those for all electric sources. Supplemental electric luminaries can be safely
isolated from occupied areas, and effective lightweight optical materials are available.
Commercial applications include lighting for commercial, retail, and industrial buildings
in industrialized and developing countries.
lighting, solar optics, illumination, lunar base, CELSS

Project Title:

A Force Feedback Anthropomorphic Teleoperation Input Device for Control of Robot

12.05-2075
901312
A Force Feedback Anthropomorphic Teleoperation Input Device for Control of Robot

Abstract:

Hands
The innovation investigated in this project is a  sensing and force reflecting exoskeleton
(SAFiRE) which provides control signals to robot hands and force feedback to the
human operator. The SAFiRE will allow robot hands working in unstructured environments
to touch objects gently and manipulate them finely without exerting excessive forces.
Extravehicular activity (EVA) is sometimes unplanned, can require tool improvisation,
and often requires fine manipulation. In order for the EVA Retriever, Flight Telerobotic
Servicer, and Satellite Servicer Robot to reduce the work load on the EVA crew, they
must be able to perform a wide variety of complex functions without reconfiguration.
The use of a SAFiRE allows direct control via teleoperation, semi-autonomous operation
via record and playback, and essential understanding of the robot-task environment
which is crucial for programming the autonomous operation of robots. The goal of
Phase I is to design and build an integrated two degree-of-freedom prototype SAFiRE
which can be used various robot hands to study the interaction of robot hands with
complex tasks in unstructured environments.
The SAFiRE master has potential commercial applications in robotics and medicine.
robotics, teleoperation, force feedback, master controller

Project Title:

Alternative Illumination Technologies for the Human Habitation of Space

12.05-3118
901466
Alternative Illumination Technologies for the Human Habitation of Space

Abstract:

To date, lighting deployed in spacecraft has not taken advantage of new light source
and optical control technologies available to earth-based illumination systems. This
project will review these new technologies for applicability to manned space programs,
specifically demonstrating the innovative use of new sources that have not been previously
used in human task and ambient illumination systems. New fluorescent, HID, LED, EL,
and tritium sources will be investigated for advantages in mass, volume, power consumption,
and performance life over present systems, as well as critical human factors, such
as spectral power distribution, chromaticity coordinates, and color rendering capabilities.
Employing CADD, extensive luminaire design and analysis software, full scale mockups,
and appropriate sources will be integrated with new crystal, internal-reflective
lenses, and holographic films to demonstrate innovative functional illumination systems
for human habitation. Additional computer analysis will confirm considerations of
direct glare, veiling reflections, and luminance distributions in the visual field
that are paramount concerns upon installation.
Typically, electric lighting forms the largest single energy user in today's commercial
buildings. Utilization of new energy efficient light sources suitable for human habitation
would have a major impact on this load profile and resultant operating expenses.
lighting applications, ambient illumination, task illumination

Project Title:

An Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle to Test Enhanced Human Interfaces

12.05-9300
900381
An Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle to Test Enhanced Human Interfaces

Abstract:

This project will develop an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system designed
to evaluate enhanced human interfaces with telerobotic and automated devices that
may ultimately be used in space. The underwater environment offers an immediately
accessible "space analog" in which to conduct these tests. Some of these concepts,
such as specialized electronic vision systems and audio tactile sensors for manipulators,
have already been proven in the underwater environment but need to be examined for
their viability in a space environment. These and new ideas for human-machine interfaces
may be tested efficiently and economically using this underwater experimental platform.
Positional-correspondent control of the ROV, its video cameras, and manipulator system
will help to provide the operator with a "telepresent" sense, that of physically
being present at the remote site. Certain levels of computerized automation will
be required to enhance the capabilities of the human operator. Ultimately, this development
will result in a telepresent ROV capable of moderate scientific and industrial tasks.
Its open-ended design will allow it to serve as a test-bed for future telerobotic
concepts that may apply to space station assembly or to scientific research and exploration
on Mars and other planets.
Enhanced human interfaces that are developed for this project will find many useful
applications for commercial, industrial and scientific work in the underwater environment.
underwater remotely operated vehicle enhanced human interface

Project Title:

High-Definition, Full-Color, Virtual Image Processing

12.06-7947A
902034
High-Definition, Full-Color, Virtual Image Processing

Abstract:

The problem of digitizing, performing image processing, and enhancing high-definition,
full-color images on personal and portable computers is that the right combination
of hardware and software does not exist whereby the image process can be of a virtual
size, full-color, and independent of the image display. The project will produce
image processing software to enhance and manipulate full-color, virtual-size images
on personal and laptop portable computers. The effort will also identify hardware
which would enable development of a prototype apparatus which would maximize the
speed and efficiency of the processing.
The software would be of value in radiology where resolution requirements are increasingly
rigorous for effective quantitative analysis, in pathology, where higher degrees
of resolution are valuable for diagnostic purposes in analyzing tumors, cell dysfunction,
etc., and in the printing industry prepress applications where enhancement to various
image sizes needs to be achieved for maintaining 35mm photographic quality, or better.
high-definition, full-color, virtual image size, color manipulating

Project Title:

Integrated Carbon Dioxide, Humidity, and Thermal Control for an EMU Gas Stream

12.07-7830
900937
Integrated Carbon Dioxide, Humidity, and Thermal Control for an EMU Gas Stream

Abstract:

An advanced absorbent has been identified for simultaneously removing carbon dioxide,
humidity, and heat from the gas stream in an Extravehicular Mobility Unite (EMU).
This absorbent eliminates several EMU components, reduces the size of others, and
minimizes the mass and volume of the EMU. It will not vaporize and is not toxic.
The system studied is completely closed and regenerable. No gases are vented during
or after the Extravehicular Activity (EVA). The system produces water and C02 at
1.0 atmosphere in separate streams. The heat sink capacity can be easily recharged.
Based on previous application of the absorbent, the chemicals and equipment have
the ability to operate several years without major repair or replacement. Based upon
practical component efficiencies, the advanced absorbent requires one-third the power
for regeneration of other advanced C02 control technologies including silver oxide.
The absorbent also provides cooling to the EMU gas stream during EVA. The cooling
capacity is restored by connection to a spacecraft cooling loop operating at 4oC
(40oF). No additional active refrigeration unit is needed to restore the heat absorption
capacity.
A regenerable portable breathing apparatus would be of use to fire fighters and mine
rescuers where there is a need to remove heat from the breathing gas stream. Due
to the ease of regeneration and low cost of the absorbent, the system could be used
by underwater divers (recreational and/or commercial) or personnel operating in a
contaminated air environment with lower cost than current closed-loop systems.
carbon dioxide absorbent, thermal control, humidity control

Project Title:

Solid-State, Oxygen-Storage Intermetallic and Alloy Development

12.07-7972
901300
Solid-State, Oxygen-Storage Intermetallic and Alloy Development

Abstract:

The traditional method of storing backup oxygen for Extra-Vehicular Activity is in
the gaseous form in a pair of high-pressure spherical tanks. This represents a considerable
shrapnel hazard--0.19 MJ of compression energy (two tanks) with respect to an adiabatic
 expansion to atmospheric pressure from 6000 psia. This quantity of explosion energy
corresponds to 66 grams of TNT. A low-pressure oxygen storage system can be summarized
in the reversible reaction--solid metal oxide = solid metal + gaseous oxygen. This
project will lead to the desired temperature-pressure behavior for several systems
of the above type. Brittleness is one of several characteristics to be considered
in this investigation of intermetallics and alloys that will take up and yield oxygen
reversibly.
Safe, high-density, solid-state oxygen-storage materials would have both terrestrial
and aerospace applications.
solid-state, oxygen-storage, brittle intermetallics & alloys

Project Title:

Body-Mounted, Head-Up, Video Display Terminal

12.09-1060
901958
Body-Mounted, Head-Up, Video Display Terminal

Abstract:

This project will develop a body-mounted, head-up video display terminal (VDT) capable
of presenting text or graphics images to a user. This VDT will consist of two major
parts of hardware, the display module and the base unit connected by a cable. The
VDT is an innovation because it utilizes a new display technology, a type of monocle
worn below one eye that projects the image of a screen floating in space anywhere
the user looks. This virtual screen has a resolution of 720 by 280 pixels and can
display 25 lines of text with 80 characters per line. The VDT is a relevant solution
to the need for a small, lightweight output device which can be attached to the user's
body. It can replace heavy, bulky notebooks in crowded spacecraft while providing
equivalent data to crewmembers in a more convenient, efficient manner.
A wide variety of commercial applications follow logically from the development of
this technology, e.g., aircraft moving map displays, portable electronic books, radio
pagers with text capability, portable paperless fax machines, handheld diagnostic
instruments, maintenance manuals, pocket terminals, palmtop computers, telephone
displays, and video games.
head up display, video display, terminal, HUD, VDT, manned systems

Project Title:

Non-Invasive Bone Strength Measurement by a Mechanical-Response Tissue Analyzer

12.10-4164G
900470
Non-Invasive Bone Strength Measurement by a Mechanical-Response Tissue Analyzer 

Abstract:

Bone weakening is a concern for astronauts who now exercise in flight to prevent
loss of bone in the legs and fracture on landing. This project will design an instrument
for direct, non-invasive measurement of bone strength. The innovation is the methodology
acquired by this company from a University and the design of an instrument that will
provide accurate, reproducible measurements of bone stiffness, a component of strength.
The long bones of the lower extremities of humans and larger species of animals qualifying
for flight projects are the targets of analysis by this instrument. It delivers a
low frequency vibration and detects the response. Current methods for evaluating
the strength of bone in vivo depend primarily on measures of the mineral content
of bone by instruments that contain a radio-active source. A device to monitor the
effects of exercise on bone strength that avoids exposure to radiation is needed
for space flight and would also have application in monitoring patients with fragile
bones or individuals engaged in sports or fitness programs. The objective of Phase
I is to design the mechanical components and data acquisition system into a single
simple system for operation and use in clinical and animal studies. The objective
of Phase II is to validate the instrument by animal and human tests and correlate
with other tests.
The device would be used in research centers and in health and fitness facilities
as a routine means of monitoring the bone strengthening effects of exercise, diet
and other factors.
bone, strength, exerciser, mineral, biomechanics

Project Title:

Advanced Avian Research Module for Microgravity Experiments

12.10-9591
900576
Advanced Avian Research Module for Microgravity Experiments

Abstract:

The avian egg has been recognized by space biologists as an excellent, self-contained
model for life science research for more than a decade. More recently, birds have
gained attention as a possible bioregenerative life support system for space stations
and lunar/Mars missions. Before the full potential of these avian models can be realized,
an advanced experimental testing apparatus, an innovatively-designed incubator, must
be developed to enable this pioneering research to move forward. This state-of-the-art
experimental tool will dramatically increase the research capabilities of the space
life science community. The advanced incubator will provide maximum control of both
experimental and flight variables. Phase I will investigate the feasibility of integrating
several novel systems with existent, flight-proven hardware technology. The goal
is to provide a unique experimental device  to serve the needs of many Investigators.
Phase I will culminate in at least two conceptual engineering designs for the advance
flight hardware designated the avian research module (ARM).
This product will be a unique experimental tool for microgravity life science research
of importance to the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and poultry industries. Potential
commercial applications in these industries could provide improved methods to diagnose
and treat human disease, new therapeutic products, and reduced poultry production
cost through improved hatch rate and control of microbiological contamination.
space biology, avian, incubator, embryogenesis, biomedical equipment

Project Title:

Development of a True General-Purpose Biomedical Telemetry System

12.11-0016
901488
Development of a True General-Purpose Biomedical Telemetry System

Abstract:

A general-purpose, miniature, biomedical telemetry system will be developed for unobtrusively
monitoring a variety of physiological vital signs from a crew of individuals functioning
in a hazardous environment. The design will build upon a core temperature monitoring
"pill" and biotelemetry transceiver developed for the Army as well as a high-speed,
multi-channel telemetry system developed by the firms. In addition to the innovative
integration of these two systems, this design will seek to implement a number of
additional innovative features--harnessless, external body-mounted sensors that,
like the pill, telemeter their output to the transceiver; a means of transmitting
voice along with the physiological signs; a telemetry receiver and data acquisition
system that will plug directly into the bus of a personal computer (PC); and PC-based
algorithms for display and processing of the incoming data in order to provide decision
aids to the base-station operation. Modularity will be stressed throughout the design,
providing for the interchangeability of sensor packages. The Phase I effort will
consist of a detailed design of both hardware and software, as well as bench tests
of the feasibility of several key design features.
The resulting system will be considerably more versatile than existing multiparameter
physiological telemetry systems. It will address commercial markets in the areas
of physiological research, industrial worker safety, medical monitoring, and athletic
training.
telemetry, biomedical, physiological, hazardous environments, vital signs

Project Title:

Conceptual Design of a Purpose-Built 1-ATA Shallow Water Diving Suit

12.12-8285
901591
Conceptual Design of a Purpose-Built 1-ATA Shallow Water Diving Suit

Abstract:

The firm will develop a conceptual design of a one-atmosphere diving suit suitable
for use by NASA in support of its requirements for an improved system with which
to conduct EVA training exercises in a neutral buoyancy environment. The project
will identify the design criteria required for support of these training activities,
develop a list of suit functions required, survey the state-of-the-art and evaluate
same for appropriateness of technology transfer to this project, and develop a conceptual
design for a working prototype. Additionally, requirements for new materials will
be identified and their suitability evaluated. Phase II development requirements
will be outlined. NASA will benefit through more cost-effective use of training resources
and expanded training capabilities through the utilization of a less expensive training
system and freedom from current personnel decompression limitations resulting in
expanded training time. Astronaut-trainees will benefit directly from greater comfort,
increased mobility and range of motion, and greater safety through freedom from hyperbaric
exposures.
Applications could include subsea oil and gas development; nuclear power plant underwater
inspection, maintenance, and repair; marine science and academic R&D; commercial
diving applications, and liquid tank storage inspections.
diving, EVA-training, astronaut, underwater

Project Title:

Investigation of the Use of Perfluorocarbons as Fire Suppression Agents

13.01-0505
901551
Investigation of the Use of Perfluorocarbons as Fire Suppression Agents

Abstract:

Preliminary experimental and theoretical work has indicated that perfluorocarbons
are potentially excellent fire suppression agents. Since these compounds are not
ozone depleting substances, the potential of their use as Halon 1301 total flooding
fire suppression agents is quite promising. This Phase I effort is directed at evaluating
the performance of these compounds as fire suppression agents and to perform a feasibility
study on their use as total flooding agents to replace Halon 1301. The project will
also evaluate the potential for the use of perfluorocarbons as direct "drop in" replacements
for 1301 in existing systems. The project consists of small scale testing of the
suppression qualities of a range of perfluorocarbons as well as analytical work on
other aspects of the compounds related to their development as total flooding agents.
This research could lead directly to the development of an environmentally acceptable
Halon 1301 fire suppression agent replacement. This is course translates to a large
domestic and international market for a product that could be manufactured commercially
in the near term.
perfluorocarbons, fire suppression, halocarbons

Project Title:

Development and Implementation of a Lightning Assessment Methodology for NASA Application

13.03-0070A
901221
Development and Implementation of a Lightning Assessment Methodology for NASA Application

Abstract:

The development, validation and software implementation of a formalized lightning
assessment methodology is proposed for NASA ground systems. The methodology will
be implemented in software as a smart system and will be tailored to NASA systems
such as launch vehicles before launch, stored ordnance and explosives, satellites
in storage or test, and computer systems. A novel derivative of the three dimensional,
finite difference solution method of Maxwell's equation which we call VECTOR 3DFD
will be used to calculate fields (currents) near (on) physical structures. Several
new concepts for low level testing of structures are also proposed.
No complete, integrated, assessment methodology exists for lightning protection of
ground systems. The assessment methodology proposed here would become an industry
standard for facility protection of specialized, highly susceptible systems. It could
be used for example by those government agencies (state government agencies, EPA,
NRC) responsible for controlling pubic risk from hazardous industries (explosives
manufacturing, refining of fuels, manufacturing processes with potential human risk
such as fertilizer production, nuclear power plants).
lightning, assessment, coupling, facilities

Project Title:

Feasibility of Numerical Thunderstorm Forecasts for Specific KSC Work Complexes

13.03-1424
900379
Feasibility of Numerical Thunderstorm Forecasts for Specific KSC Work Complexes

Abstract:

Activities at KSC continue to become more weather sensitive, resulting in the need
for improved forecasts of thunderstorms and their associated phenomena both for KSC
as a whole and, particularly, for specific work complexes over periods of 24 hours
or more. Mesoscale numerical prognostic models appear to offer the potential for
enhanced forecast accuracy. A new, nested grid, non-hydrostatic model (ARAMS, the
Advanced Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) is believed capable of predicting
the details of the local terrain forcing which results in various thunderstorms related
to the Atlantic sea breeze, including the smaller-scaler (<5 km) perturbations induced
by rivers and islands in the KSC area. Climatological and modeling studies of one
such phenomena, the Merritt Island Thunderstorm (MIT), will serve as a test of the
plausibility of producing useful numerical model-generated forecasts for work complexes
on the scale of 8 km across during the upcoming 12-24 hour period. Data from the
summer KABLE experiment will be utilized. The project can also serve as part of the
planning for the 1991 CAPE experiment. Tests will be conducted to assess whether
new, low-cost graphics supercomputers can provide computational power and graphics
sufficient to forecast MIT-scale phenomena within operational constraints.
There is a growing requirement for improved regional forecasting systems within military
operations, electric utilities, nuclear energy, water, forest and range management
and national weather services. New mesoscale numerical forecasting systems tailored
for specific users and locations, combined with graphics supercomputers workstations
are evolving into a significant market segment during the 1990s.
thunderstorm forecasting, mesoscale numerical prognostic model

Project Title:

Pressure - Time Flow Measurement

13.05-0572
900216
Pressure - Time Flow Measurement

Abstract:

We propose to apply a little-known flow measurement method - the Gibson or Pressure-Time
- to flowmeter calibration. The major advantage of the method is that it is a fundamental
means of measuring mass flow which can be implemented in a closed-loop calibration
facility.
Primary flowmeter calibration is problem which faces a wide range of industries as
well as NASA. The introduction of a calibration method which does not require extensive
facilities would be welcomed by all flowmeter users.
gibson, pressure-time, flowmeters

Project Title:

An Ultrasensitive Microprobe Detector for Surface Contamination

13.06-3031
901651
An Ultrasensitive Microprobe Detector for Surface Contamination

Abstract:

We propose to design, construct, and test a novel instrument for the detection of
surface contamination on solid substrates. The proposed instrument will operate under
ambient atmospheric conditions, is non-destructive of the substrate, is highly sensitive
and provides real-time information. Potential sensitivity for the device is of the
order of 10 ng per square centimeter, i.e., nearly monolayer detectability. We further
show that the device is amenable to miniaturization and potentially capable of remote
sensing in otherwise inaccessible places such as inside long stretches of bent tubing.
The instrument uses a new optoacoustic technique to sense laser-induced photothermal
desorption of adsorbate (or contaminant) from a surface. An ultraviolet waveguide
excimer laser is used for laster-induced desorption; a helium-neon probe senses the
desorption event. The instrument is potentially transportable, inherently simple,
and should find many uses in manufacturing, electronics and semiconductor processing,
and environmental testing.
Laser microprobes for detection of surface contamination in the electronics industry
as quality control aids in soldering, bonding, and sealing operations, as well as
semiconductor processes. In manufacturing they can monitor machined parts for residual
lubricants and solvents that might otherwise interfere with subsequent processes.
In the environmental area, they could be used to detect toxins such as pesticide
residues and PCB's.
laser desorption, optoacoustic detection, surface contamination, remote sensor

Project Title:

A Rocket Engine Leak Detection System for Hydrogen and Oxygen

13.08-9450
900913
A Rocket Engine Leak Detection System for Hydrogen and Oxygen

Abstract:

The real-time detection of fluid system leaks of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen is of
utmost importance in insuring a safe environment during the preflight launch preparation.
The goal of this program is to develop a real-time leak detection and monitoring
system for hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in STS applications. The objective of the
Phase I program is to develop and test several methodologies for the qualitative
and quantitative measurement of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in the STS environment
based on the utilization of a direct spectroscopic technique, Raman spectroscopy.
The major advantages of our Raman-based system include real-time response, quantitative
and qualitative analysis capabilities, simultaneous multicomponent detection, no
moving parts, low detection limits (<1 ppm) and intrinsic safety. Since Raman techniques
are highly adaptable to fiber optics, an integrated network of reliable, selective,
low maintenance sensors can be developed that respond rapidly and provides both ample
warning time before hydrogen or oxygen concentrations approach dangerous levels and
the location of the leak. The objective of the Phase II program will be to develop,
field test, and deliver both a lightweight (<2 pounds) vibration resistant self-contained
unit and a centrally based integrated network.
The development of a reliable, integrated multigas sensor network will find extensive
use in many of NASA related applications, such as in facilities where fuel is processed,
stored or used and/or inflight lead detection. The technique can be adapted to both
new and existing NASA facilities for monitoring and detecting fuel leaks. Commercial
applications for the Raman monitoring instrument exist in water pollution, forensics,
and industrial process control.
hydrogen, oxygen, leaks, raman, fiber optic, nitrogen, sensor

Project Title:

External Phase or Amplitude Modulator for Lasers

14.02-0755
900085
External Phase or Amplitude Modulator for Lasers

Abstract:

This project will develop a small lightweight external modulator which can impress
either phase or amplitude modulation on a Nd:YAG laser output. The modulator will
take advantage of the very stable and electronically tunable single frequency output
of the diode-pumped Nd:YAG nonplanar ring oscillators by using resonance enhancement
properties to reduce the modulation voltage requirements. It will be capable of handling
an average optical power in excess of one Watt at modulation frequencies from 100
kHz to over 1 GHz with negligible insertion loss.
Versions of this system operating at 1.32 microns and coupled to single-mode optical
fiber will be useful for terrestrial fiber- optic communication.
laser, modulator, light modulator

Project Title:

Development of a Diode-Pumped Laser for Space-Based Communications

14.02-2299
901807
Development of a Diode-Pumped Laser for Space-Based Communications

Abstract:

A high-power, single-frequency lasers based on a unique, modular, neodymium (Nd)
gain-element pumped by an array of semiconductor diode lasers will be developed.
This device would be capable of driving a compact, multi-Watt laser transmitter in
a space-based communication system. Output powers in excess of 10 W could be generated
by including multiple gain elements in a single laser resonator. The primary goals
of the Phase I effort are design and construction of a prototype gain module including
a 10-W, GaA1As, laser array and demonstration of a single-frequency, ND:YAG laser
built around the prototype module and capable of generating approximately 2W at 1064
nm.
Single-frequency, high-power, diode-pumped Nd lasers will find immediate application
as master oscillators, transmitters, and receivers for coherent LIDAR and communications
systems. With second harmonic generation, they will provide an all-solid state replacement
for air-cooled and small-frame argon-ion lasers.
diode-pumping, single-frequency, neodymium, diode laser

Project Title:

Pseudomorphic HEMTs for Millimeter Wave Communications

14.03-6000
900229
Pseudomorphic HEMTs for Millimeter Wave Communications

Abstract:

Advances in scientific instrumentation used in deep space missions have generated
a need for high data transmission rates to Earth. It may be economically feasible
to utilize the Ka band (27-40 GHz) for up- and down-linking; thus development of
monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) phased array distribution systems
for millimeter wavelengths is demanded. The pseudomorphic, high-electron-mobility
transistor (HEMT) is unequivocally the best candidate for high power, high efficiency
applications from 10-100 GHz. Its superior low-noise performance provides the opportunity
for integration of both high power and low noise devices on the same chip without
a compromise in the performance of either component. The innovation explored in this
project is an inverted, double, heterojunction HEMT with pulse-doped donor and pseudomorphic
channel layers to be grown by MOCVD, the deposition technique of choice for high-quality
production capability. The Phase I project will demonstrate feasibility of concept;
Phase II would result in an optimized structure suitable for production.
This program will lead to the establishment of a technology to produce a novel material
for high power, high efficiency HEMT devices that may be more radiation hard than
conventional bulk-doped materials. Commercialization would be pursued via the sale
of MOCVD system-technology transfer packages and custom-grown epitaxial wafers.
HEMT, inverted heterojunction, pseudomorphic, MMW, MMIC, high power

Project Title:

GaAs MMIC Sampling Mixer for Frequency Conversion

14.04-8000
901234
GaAs MMIC Sampling Mixer for Frequency Conversion

Abstract:

There is a need for high-speed digital signal processing and detection techniques
to downconvert and process Ka, Ku, X and S-Band signals. A GaAs integrated circuit
version of a sampling mixer will be investigated for this purpose. A circuit configuration
will be defined for S and X-Band chips and specifications necessary for the development
of the chip during a follow-on phase will be defined. Circuit implications and design
options for extending the work to Ku and Ka Band regions will be studied.
A GaAs MMIC sampling mixer will find applications in commercial communication circuits
such as GPS receivers, cellular telephones, and wireless LAN.
GaAs, MMIC, sampling, mixer

Project Title:

Optical Multiple Access Techniques for on Board Routing

14.05-0497
902033
Optical Multiple Access Techniques for on Board Routing

Abstract:

Temporal and spectral code division multiple access (CDMA) technologies have ideal
properties for satellite on board routing - they lend themselves to asynchronous
broadcast modes with no overhead or latency. Also, the network can be initially overdesigned
in the sense of having more codes than users; this excess capacity can be used for
redundancy (reliability) or for live insertion of new users without change of software
or protocol. The problem with temporal and spectral CDMA is that, for many users
(>10) and high data rates (>50 Mb/s), complex, expensive laser sources of very short
pulse width (<<1 ns) are required. Logical alternatives to CDMA are temporal/spatial
hybrids (parallel bus analogs of the temporal CDMA) and sonar matrices. These alternatives
reduce the cost and complexity of the active components while increasing the passive
components in the photonic network. This project will evaluate temporal, spectral,
and hybrid/sonar matrices schemes for satellite on- board routing. Criteria will
include users, data rate, redundancy, live insertion (new or back up users), cost,
complexity, and compatibility with reconfigurability by means of knowledge-based
systems. The end product will be specifications and designs for Phase II.
Satellite crosslinks, advanced generation local area networks, secure communication,
optical backplane buses; computer networks are all prospective applications.
optical spread spectrum, code division multiple access (CDMA), photonic switching
networks, sonar matrices, optical encoding/decoding

Project Title:

A Low Power Heater-Cathode System for High Frequency Space Communications

14.05-0703
900079
A Low Power Heater-Cathode System for High Frequency Space Communications

Abstract:

Because of new technology, it is now possible to offer higher electron beam densities
and longer cathode life at lower heater powers then ever before. This is a significant
development for high frequency space communications, Ka band and above. There the
limiting factor on microwave power and efficiency has been the cathode loading and
size. A very small rugged heater-cathode system that will exploit these new technologies
will be developed. It will produce up to 2 amps per square centimeter of current
density, live for at least 30,000 hours, and consume less than 1/2 watt of heater
power. The device will employ the new scandate oxide cathode as well as a cathophoretically
coated and darkened heater which is now available in very small sizes. Also the ability
to extrude seamless tubing at wall thickness not previously available will provide
maximum thermal isolation of the cathode support structure.
It may be used in aircraft to satellite communications, in traveling wave tubes and
klystrons, and in high performance cathode ray tubes where heater power must be minimized,
such as in portable oscilloscopes and television sets.
cathode, communications, electron gun, traveling wave tube

Project Title:

Ka-Band, High Efficiency Power MMIC

14.05-3907
900651
Ka-Band, High Efficiency Power MMIC

Abstract:

This project will develop a 500 milliwatt MMIC operating at 35 GHz with a chip supply
voltage of 28 volts and a power added efficiency of greater than 40 percent. These
results will be achieved by employing two circuit innovations - a series cell configuration
and an on-chip, high efficiency combiner. The unique series cell configuration results
in a high chip bias voltage (28 volts) since the FET cells are biased in series instead
of in parallel as with conventional ICs. This greatly increases the efficiency of
the system employing these chips and even permits the IC to operate directly from
the spacecraft bus thereby eliminating the losses in the power conditioning circuitry
(DC-to-DC converter and regulator). Further, the high chip efficiency is achieved
by employing an on-chip, low-loss, cell-combining circuit which simultaneously combines
and matches the FET cells with a combining efficiency of 95 percent. This work will
have a major impact on the way that high efficiency power MMICs are designed in the
future. In particular, we believe this work is extremely important for satellite-
and spacecraft- based communication links where prime power consumption is a major
concern.
Satellite/spacecraft communication links, airborne active phased array radar, and
any Ka-band application requiring high efficiency power are potential uses of this
product.
MMIC, power, efficiency, GaAs, FET, Ka-band, monolithic, combiner

Project Title:

Growth of Nd:YVO4 Crystals for Laser Technology

14.06-8585
901753
Growth of Nd:YVO4 Crystals for Laser Technology

Abstract:

Space communications at optical frequencies demand the development of laser crystals
which exhibit high power conversion efficiency. Growth of Nd:YVO4 single crystals
by an innovative laser pedestal growth method will be explored. Earlier published
work has clearly revealed that these crystals exhibit a very high slope efficiency,
>50% optical efficiency and  12% electrical to optical conversion efficiency. Due
to the high melting point of yttrium vanadate (about 1825oC), conventional crystal
growth techniques yield crystals with numerous defects. The proposed innovative technique
involves the growth of these crystals employing a laser pedestal growth method in
which only a small section of the material is melted with a carbon dioxide laser
source coupled with a few mirrors to focus the bean at the crystal-liquid interface.
The chief advantages of this method are that the growth process is relatively fast
and that the crystals are grown without any container and therefore the crystals
are obtained free from any contamination. During Phase I, establishing the optimum
conditions for the growth of these crystals will be in relatively small size. During
Phase II, extensive work will be undertaken to grow large crystals and characterize
them thoroughly.
Nd:YVO4 crystals will be useful for the development of lasers for satellite communications,
military communications, medical electronics, magneto-optical recording, robotics,
micromachining, and microsurgery.
yttrium vanadate, lasers, optical communications, micro-lasers

Project Title:

Feedback, Pseudomorphic HEMT, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Low-Cost Receivers

14.07-4605
900791
Feedback, Pseudomorphic HEMT, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Low-Cost Receivers

Abstract:

This project addresses the combination of new device technology, detailed device
modeling, and new circuit techniques for small, Earth-terminal, low-cost, Ka-band
receivers. The development of both GaAa and silicon-bipolar MMICs are key to cost
improvement in these systems, but hybrid solutions for selected components can still
be cost effective when there is a performance benefit. The microwave device and related
assembly costs are only a part of the total which includes significant mechanical
costs and the cost of an input isolator. In this project, a combination of device
and circuit design will focus on the simplification of microwave hardware to retain
the high performance levels required of a 20 GHz, low-noise receiver while eliminating
the need for an input isolator normally used to provide input impedance match. Specifically,
0.1-micron-gate-length, pseudomorphic HEMTs, which offer superior noise and gain
performance, will be used in feedback circuit designs which provide simultaneous
noise- and signal-match through feedback techniques.
Applications would be in 20-GHz, low-noise receivers for satellite and terrestrial
communication systems.
low noise receivers, GaAs microwave circuits, satellite communications, pseudomorphic
HEMTs, feedback circuit design

Project Title:

Fast, Reliable, Electro-Optic Modulation Technology

14.08-0700
900995
Fast, Reliable, Electro-Optic Modulation Technology

Abstract:

A versatile, high voltage pulse generator that has been designed for Pockels-cell
driver applications will be developed. The device is capable of producing fast rise
and fall times with the provision for high repetition frequency operation. The novel
system is based on a hybrid technology incorporating a pair of planar triodes as
the high-voltage switching elements which are driven by relatively low voltage MOSFET
devices. Planar triodes are highly reliable tubes capable of switching high-voltages
on a nanosecond time scale. These vacuum tubes offer important advantages over high-voltage
transistors considering the limitations of current MOSFET technology. Through incorporating
two tubes, fast rise and fall times can be achieved with the added capability for
arbitrary temporal positioning of the rising and falling edges of the high-voltage
pulse. Thus, the system is suitable for pulse width modulation applications in communications
as well as a wide range of commercial laser applications requiring fast pulse selection
and control.
The commercial applications of the proposed device include Q-switching, mode locked
laser pulse selection, regenerative amplification, pulse compression and high speed
laser beam control systems. The technology also has important applications in pulse
width modulation coding of high power laser beams for long range communications.
high-voltage, nanosecond pulse width modulation, electro-optical communications

Project Title:

Computational Environment for Microgravity Materials Processing Simulations

15.01-0101
900351
Computational Environment for Microgravity Materials Processing Simulations

Abstract:

Accurate numerical simulations should provide a powerful tool for planning meaningful
experiments on future space missions. A comprehensive, general purpose tool or simulation
of spacebased materials processing problems will be developed using the NEKTON spectral
element general-geometry flow code. This tool will enable the optimization of configurations
and parameters required for space applications. In particular, the floating-zone
melt problem will be modeled, which is critical for economically and reproducibly
increasing the yield of high-quality crystals. This will involve enhancing the NEKTON
code to handle Marangoni convection due to variable surface tension, accurate implementation
of triple-point conditions, radiative heat transfer, and volumetric heating.
Materials-processing-in-space is an exciting new field of technology. Computational
simulation methods are required to achieve optimal experimental configurations and
parameter choices because of the limited opportunity to perform preliminary experiments
in a microgravity environment.
materials processing, microgravity, marangoni convection, floating zone melt, spectral
elements

Project Title:

Controlled Nucleation of Protein Crystal Growth

15.01-0760
901516
Controlled Nucleation of Protein Crystal Growth

Abstract:

This proposal is in response to the call for innovations in the growth of protein
crystals in microgravity. We propose to improve the control of nucleation by the
use of epitaxial substrates, instead of seed crystals or spontaneous nucleation,
so as to greatly simplify flight apparatus and increase experiment reliability. Specifically,
this proposal concerns the development, experimental verification, and application
of a computer program for rapidly finding all possible epitaxial substrates for any
given protein crystal. Phase I tasks will include establishment of the validity of
the search algorithm, development and testing of a preliminary version of the search
program and predictions of new cases, and experimental verification of these predictions.
The ultimate goal is to provide epitaxial substrates for all microgravity protein
crystal growth experiments.
There will be a reasonable market for the program as a software package, for consultation
service to those seeking new epitaxial substrates, and for producing and marketing
substrates in R&D quantities for the electronics and optical industries.
epitaxy, crystal growth, nucleation, protein, software, lattice-match

Project Title:

Variable Temperature Gradient Heat Pipe Furnace Element

15.01-6551
900363
Variable Temperature Gradient Heat Pipe Furnace Element

Abstract:

Beginning in the 1970's numerous experimental studies were conducted in space at
near zero-g environments to study the affects of crystal growth in the absence of
gravity. These tests were conducted aboard skylab and during the Apollo-Suyuz Test
Project (ASTP). While the results obtained proved the advantages of materials processing
in space, limitations in the equipment such as the processing furnace were realized.
A more versatile, higher temperature, variable gradient furnace is required for future
space ventures. The crystal growing furnace must have a uniform temperature profile
within the work area. The profile must be variable without physically altering the
furnace system. Thermacore proposes to design and demonstrate a variable temperature
gradient heat pipe to be used in a microgravity environment. The variable temperature
profile will be created by the diffusion of the heat pipe working fluid into a noncondensible
gas. This concept will provide a wide range of uniform temperature profiles while
minimizing mass and power consumption. The Phase I work effort will include the design,
fabrication and test of a demonstration model furnace element to prove feasibility
. Phase II will include the fabrication and extensive testing of a full scale model.
The variable temperature gradient heat pipe furnace element could offer significant
advancement to materials processing on earth or in space. This type of furnace element
could be used for Czochralski and Bridgeman crystal growth methods. Control and operation
of the furnace would be greatly simplified and the versatility of the growth increased.
heat pipe, uniform temperature gradient, zero-g, microgravity, crystal growth

Project Title:

Comprehensive Accelerometer Data Analysis Software

15.01-8086
901133
Comprehensive Accelerometer Data Analysis Software

Abstract:

A software definition and design is proposed to facilitate post-flight characterization
of the acceleration environment of microgravity experiments. Algorithms will be defined
to analyze acceleration data, transformed into the experiment's coordinate system,
using time and frequency domain techniques (transient analysis and power spectral
density, respectively). A new combined time and frequency domain analytical tool,
namely wavelet transforms, will be developed, as will methods for quickly scanning
data sets to extract interesting portions. Methods for efficient data handling and
storage are also to be addressed with the design of digital filtering and decimation
schemes to reduce dataset bandwidth and size. The use of commercially available programs
that fulfill some of the requirements of this system will be emphasized for cost-effectiveness.
Platform and input/output media compatibility will be specified to meet the needs
of the microgravity sciences community, as determined by a poll of investigators.
Microgravity research and R&D for the commercialization of space requires an accurate
and useful characterization of the microgravity environment. Software developed under
subsequent phases of this SBIR project would be made into a commercial product for
microgravity investigators, and more generally, the accelerometer community, so that
this acceleration characterization can be easily carried out.
accelerometer, data analysis, microgravity, power spectral density, wavelet transform,
transient analysis

Project Title:

Spacecraft Multiphase Flow Experiments

15.02-3800
901249
Spacecraft Multiphase Flow Experiments

Abstract:

We propose in Phase I to define multiphase flow experiments critical to assure reliable
operation of spacecraft multiphase flow systems for NASA missions. The objectives
of this work are to design critical experiments to effectively use the facilities
at NASA/LeRC in Phase II and to design experiments to be performed in space thereafter.
In this way, the science of microgravity multiphase flow will be advanced and the
technology risks of multiphase systems for thermal management, power and other spacecraft
systems will be anticipated.
This proposal is focused on immediate NASA needs for spacecraft development. It supports
the firm's business plan to commercialize equipment and services to NASA, DOD, and
their prime contractors.
multiphase flow, spacecraft flow instability